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| 12780637852 | DNA replication | The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis | 0 | |
| 12780637853 | transformation | In incorporation of external DNA into an organism's genome | 1 | |
| 12780637854 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage | 2 | |
| 12780637855 | virus | An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope | 3 | |
| 12780637856 | Chargaff's Rule | Chromosomes will contain equal amounts of adenine and thymine | 4 | |
| 12780637857 | double helix | The structure of double stranded DNA. | 5 | |
| 12780637858 | antiparallel | The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions (3' --> 5' / 5' --> 3') | 6 | |
| 12780637860 | 2 hydrogen bonds | adenine forms |  | 7 |
| 12780637861 | 3 hydrogen bonds | guanine forms |  | 8 |
| 12780637863 | semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand |  | 9 |
| 12780637864 | conservative model | the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process |  | 10 |
| 12780637865 | dispersive model | all strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA |  | 11 |
| 12780637866 | origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides | 12 | |
| 12780637867 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. | 13 | |
| 12780637868 | helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands. | 14 | |
| 12780637869 | single-strand binding protein | A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA | 15 | |
| 12780637870 | topoisomerase | A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork | 16 | |
| 12780637871 | primer | A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication | 17 | |
| 12780637872 | primase | An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template | 18 | |
| 12780637873 | DNA polymerase III | An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide to a free 3' carbon on another nucleotide. | 19 | |
| 12780637875 | nucleoside triphosphate | a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from | 20 | |
| 12780637876 | leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction | 21 | |
| 12780637877 | lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' --> 3' direction away from the replication fork | 22 | |
| 12780637878 | okazaki fragment | A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. | 23 | |
| 12780637881 | DNA polymerase I | Replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides | 24 | |
| 12780637882 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain) | 25 | |
| 12780637885 | mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides | 26 | |
| 12780637886 | nuclease | An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides | 27 | |
| 12780637887 | nucleotide excision repair | A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide |  | 28 |
| 12780637888 | thymine dimers | the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication |  | 29 |
| 12780637889 | telomeres | Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times |  | 30 |
| 12780637890 | telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells | 31 | |
| 12780637892 | histones | Proteins which DNA is coiled around to form a nucleosome | 32 | |
| 12780637894 | nucleosome | DNA coiled around histone proteins = | 33 | |
| 12780637896 | histone tail | the amino end that extends outwards from each histone | 34 | |
| 12780637903 | chromatin | Condensed strands of nucleosomes. Wraps up further into chromosomes | 35 | |
| 12780637904 | heterochromatin | Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed | 36 | |
| 12780637905 | euchromatin | The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is more available for transcription | 37 | |
| 12780637910 | phosphodiester bond | bond between the phosphate & the sugar in DNA or RNA | 38 | |
| 12780902532 | Griffith's experiment | Discovered that bacteria can incorporated external DNA into their genomes. Was attempting to make a vaccine for pneumonia | 39 | |
| 12780913707 | Avery Oswald Experiment | Discovered that DNA was the transformative agent in Griffith's experiment by using enzymes to degrade the other possible components and then checking for transformation | 40 | |
| 12780921066 | Hersey and Chase | Used radioactive markers and viruses to determine that DNA was the transformative agent in bacteria, not proteins | 41 | |
| 12780948312 | Meselson-Stahl Experiment | Used different isotopes of nitrogen to change the weight of DNA. Demonstrated that the semi-conservative model is the best description of replication. | 42 | |
| 12780958857 | Virulent | Disease causing | 43 | |
| 12780961886 | Non-virulent | Does not cause disease | 44 |
