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AP biology chapter 32 Flashcards

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9179770290animal characteristics- eukaryotic - multicellular; body held together by structural proteins - no cell wall - Cells differentiate and specialize structurally and functionally; have nerve and muscle cells/tissue - heterotrophs - most exist in diploid cell form - most reproduce sexually0
9179799594hox genecontrol the expression of many other genes that influence cell division, cell differentiation, and body plan development1
9179811269cleavage- a diploid zygote and its subsequent daughter cells go through mitosis and divide, but without increasing in size - Cleavage produces a multi-cellular, hollow, ball-shaped embryo called a blastula2
9179822392gastrulation- Blastula goes through gastrulation to make the gastrula, a more complex embryonic stage - Gastrulation involves the formation of layers of tissue that will develop into specific body parts3
9179843375origin of animals- Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist - First animals probably diverged from a common ancestor with protists about 1 bya - Oldest actual animal fossils found are 575 myo4
9179851158Cambrian explosiondramatic increase in the number of animal species over a relatively short time (~20 my)5
9179856304hypotheses for Cambrian Explosion- Evolution of predator - prey relationships - Increase in amount of atmospheric O2 - Evolution of Hox genes controlling development led to more possibilities in body forms6
9179872677Radical Symmetry- Any slice through central axis divides animal into mirror image halves - Found in sessile animals allowing them to deal with the environment equally from all sides7
9179872678Bilateral Symmetry- Only one slice divides animal into equal left & right halves - These animals have dorsal (top)/ventral (bottom) sides, left/right sides, and anterior (head)/posterior (tail) ends - Anterior CNS allows coordination of complex movements.8
9179876275Protostome Developmentspiral cleavage and determinate, blastopore becomes mouth, Schizolcoelous9
9179876276Dueterostome Developmentradical cleavage and indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, Enterocoelous10
9179906816Diploblasticanimal embryos have two germ layers: ectoderm & endoderm11
9179910179Triploblasticanimal embryos have three germ layers: ecto, meso, & endoderm12
9179913321ectodermlayer covering outside of embryo; forms outer covering of animal and central nervous system13
9179913322endoderminnermost layer of embryo; forms lining of digestive tract, digestive organs, liver, and lungs14
9179913323mesodermlayer between ecto and endoderm; forms muscles and other organs15
9179924291Body Cavity/Coeloma fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall - Found in some triploblastic animals - Fluid in coelom cushions organs - In some animals, it may contain non-compressible fluid that acts like a skeleton - Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall16
9179939024Coelomateshave a "true" coelom formed totally from mesodermal tissue; cavity is lined by mesoderm on all sides17
9179945649Pseudocoelomatescoelom forms from embryo's blastocoel cavity; outer wall of cavity is a muscle layer (from mesoderm) and inner wall is the digestive tract (from endoderm)18
9179952118Acoelomateshave no coelom19
9180006042Enterocoelousmesoderm on the wall of the archenteron forms pockets that become the coelom20
9180027598Schizolcoeloussolid masses of mesoderm tissue split and form the coelom21
9180042994Spiral Cleavagecharacteristic of protostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes diagonal to vertical axis; cleavage is determinant (a cell's final type is determined early on)22
9180050235Radial Cleavagecharacteristic of deuterostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis; cleavage is indeterminant (early cells each retain ability to become any cell type-even give rise to a new embryo if separated23

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