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| 14705384876 | What are the four macromolecules? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | 0 | |
| 14705396649 | What are the four main atoms in organic molecules? | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen | 1 | |
| 14705408395 | What are four ways carbon skeletons can vary? | 1. length of chain 2. branch or unbranched 3. positioning of double bonds 4. presence of ring structure | 2 | |
| 14705409379 | hydrocarbons | Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen | 3 | |
| 14705421515 | isomers | Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula | 4 | |
| 14705423279 | what are the three types of isomers? | structural, cis-trans, enantiomers | 5 | |
| 14705424806 | structural isomers | differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms | 6 | |
| 14705426622 | cis-trans isomers | have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements |  | 7 |
| 14705441482 | trans isomer | the two x's are on opposite sides | 8 | |
| 14705446548 | enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of each other |  | 9 |
| 14705458910 | what are the seven chemical groups essential to life? | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl | 10 | |
| 14705463168 | hydroxyl group | A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. |  | 11 |
| 14705464567 | carbonyl group | a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom |  | 12 |
| 14705465865 | carboxyl group | A -COOH group, found in organic acids. |  | 13 |
| 14705467645 | amino group | a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |  | 14 |
| 14705469601 | sulfhydryl group | A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. |  | 15 |
| 14705471535 | phosphate group | A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms |  | 16 |
| 14705476074 | methyl group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. |  | 17 |
| 14705479218 | functional groups | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions | 18 | |
| 14705483201 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy |  | 19 |
| 14705487691 | Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP |  | 20 |
| 14705493822 | polymers | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers | 21 | |
| 14705495469 | monomers | building blocks of polymers | 22 | |
| 14705496774 | enzymes | Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things | 23 | |
| 14705497725 | dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water |  | 24 |
| 14705500728 | hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water |  | 25 |
| 14705510400 | carbohydrates | sugars and polymers of sugars | 26 | |
| 14705512963 | monosaccharides | simple sugars |  | 27 |
| 14705514475 | disaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides |  | 28 |
| 14705518908 | glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. | 29 | |
| 14705527607 | cellular respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen | 30 | |
| 14705532325 | glycosidic linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | 31 | |
| 14705534665 | sucrose | glucose + fructose; disaccharide | 32 | |
| 14705537424 | polysaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides | 33 | |
| 14705539557 | starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. | 34 | |
| 14705542256 | amylose | simplest form of starch |  | 35 |
| 14705544175 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |  | 36 |
| 14705547296 | cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms |  | 37 |
| 14705552704 | microfibrils | A threadlike component of the cell wall, composed of cellulose molecules | 38 | |
| 14705556621 | chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 39 | |
| 14705575246 | lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. | 40 | |
| 14705576807 | true | true or false: lipids are generally hydrophobic | 41 | |
| 14705577717 | fat | A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called *glycerol* and *three fatty acids*; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules. |  | 42 |
| 14705583296 | glycerol | a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon | 43 | |
| 14705584562 | fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid | 44 | |
| 14705588152 | ester linkage | The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis. | 45 | |
| 14705589555 | triaclyglycerol | consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 46 | |
| 14705591064 | saturated fat | fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms |  | 47 |
| 14705592355 | unsaturated fat | A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. |  | 48 |
| 14705596500 | saturated fats are _______ at room temperature | solid | 49 | |
| 14705598064 | unsaturated fats are ________ at room temperature | liquid | 50 | |
| 14705600854 | trans fats | made when manufacturers add hydrogen to the fat molecules in vegetable oils |  | 51 |
| 14705604121 | phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |  | 52 |
| 14705609471 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |  | 53 |
| 14705825683 | cholesterol | A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. | 54 | |
| 14705829119 | proteins | polypeptides that are twisted together and each polypeptide determines the shape of the polypeptide | 55 | |
| 14705830898 | catalysts | Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction. | 56 | |
| 14705836116 | how many amino acids are there? | 20 | 57 | |
| 14705836117 | peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |  | 58 |
| 14705841298 | what groups are involved in the making of an amino acid? | carboxyl, amino, R group, hydrogen atom | 59 | |
| 14705845712 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |  | 60 |
| 14705851182 | carboxyl group makes the amino acid what? | negative and acidic | 61 | |
| 14705852614 | amino group makes the amino acid what? | positive and basic | 62 | |
| 14705858743 | polypeptide backbone | The chain of atoms containing repeating peptide bonds that runs through a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached. | 63 | |
| 14705871694 | true | true or false a protein's structure determines its function | 64 | |
| 14705876323 | true | true or false there are four levels of protein structure known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary | 65 | |
| 14705883403 | primary structure | The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. |  | 66 |
| 14705884762 | secondary structure | Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. |  | 67 |
| 14705886691 | tertiary structure | The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. |  | 68 |
| 14705887908 | quaternary structure | The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |  | 69 |
| 14705891582 | sickle-cell disease | Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape. | 70 | |
| 14705898020 | what does protein structure depend on? | pH, salt concentration, temperature, bonds, and environment | 71 | |
| 14705903357 | denaturization | destruction of the normal shape of the protein, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperature |  | 72 |
| 14705911433 | x-ray crystallography | A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. |  | 73 |
| 14705916348 | gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait | 74 | |
| 14705917600 | nucleic acids | nucleotides | 75 | |
| 14705919459 | what are the two types of nucleic acids? | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) | 76 | |
| 14705925265 | what is the flow of genetic information? | DNA -> RNA -> Protein | 77 | |
| 14705926381 | ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |  | 78 |
| 14705928136 | polynucleotides | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. |  | 79 |
| 14705931410 | what are the components of a nucleotide? | sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |  | 80 |
| 14705933741 | nucleoside | base + sugar |  | 81 |
| 14705938431 | what are the two types of nitrogenous bases? | purines and pyrimidines | 82 | |
| 14705938432 | purines | double ring structure; Adenine and Guanine | 83 | |
| 14705939982 | pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, uracil | 84 | |
| 14705945235 | What sugar is found in DNA? | deoxyribose | 85 | |
| 14705946108 | what sugar is found in RNA? | ribose | 86 | |
| 14705948985 | phosphodiester linkage | The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides. |  | 87 |
| 14705955027 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |  | 88 |
| 14705956948 | antiparallel | The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |  | 89 |
