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| 9602045650 | Hormone | Type of molecule that is secreted into extracellular fluid, circulates the blood/hemolymph, and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body | 0 | |
| 9602045651 | Peptide v steroid | compound of amino acids -water soluble; can't pass through plasma membrane 1. secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in bloodstream 2. bind to cell surface receptors that give info to nucleus through intracellular pathways versus lipids with 4 rings of carbon atoms, derived from the steroid cholesterol -lipid soluble; pass through membrane -receptors for lipid soluble hormones are usually in nucleus/cytoplasm 1. diffuse across membranes 2. bind to transport proteins outside the cell, travel through bloodstream 3. diffuse into target cells and bind to receptors | 1 | |
| 9602045652 | Blood glucose feedback loop | Involves Insulin (triggers uptake of glucose from blood into body cells) and glucagon (release glucose into blood from energy stores) -Both are produced in pancreas -If blood glucose increases: 1) beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood 2) liver takes glucose and stores as glycogen 3) glucose level declines -If decreases: 1) alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood 2) liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose into blood 3) glucose level increases |  | 2 |
| 9602045653 | Hypothalamus | Receives info from nerves throughout the body and in response, initiates endocrine signaling appropriate to env'tal conditions -hormones released from posterior pituitary and hormones regulate anterior pituitary | 3 | |
| 9602045654 | Blood calcium feedback loop | Falling blood Ca2+ level -Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) -Increased Ca2+ uptake in kidneys -Increased Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Stimulates Ca2+ release from bones Rising blood Ca2+ level -Thyroid gland releases calcitonin -Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in kidneys | 4 | |
| 9602045655 | Ecdysteroid | A steroid hormone that triggers the growth of adult cells/death of larval cells in insects | 5 | |
| 9602045656 | Endocrine system | A group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning -Hormones secreted can regulate reproduction, energy, development, growth, metabolism, and behavior |  | 6 |
| 9602045657 | Endocrine signaling | Secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body -maintains homeostasis -responses to env't -regulates growth/development -physical/behavioral changes | 7 | |
| 9602045658 | Local regulators | Molecules that act over short distances. Reach target cells only by diffusion (messengers) | 8 | |
| 9602045659 | Paracrine signaling | Target cells are near the secreting cell | 9 | |
| 9602045660 | Autocrine signaling | The target cell is the secreting cell (molecules diffuse locally and trigger responses in the secreting cell) | 10 | |
| 9602045661 | Synaptic signalling | Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in the cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, glands) | 11 | |
| 9602045662 | Neuroendocrine signaling | Neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body | 12 | |
| 9602045663 | Neurotransmitters | Molecules secreted by neurons at synapses -Diffuse short distances to bind to receptors on target cell -sensation, memory, cognition, movement | 13 | |
| 9602045664 | Neurohormones | Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets | 14 | |
| 9602045665 | Pheromones | Chemicals released into external env't -attraction, warning (predators), forming territories | 15 | |
| 9602045666 | Signal transduction | Series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response | 16 | |
| 9602045667 | Epinephrine | Adrenaline -Binds to a G protein coupled receptor (once it reaches the liver) in the plasma membrane of target cells -Binding triggers synthesis of cAMP as a second messenger -Protein kinase A activated by cAMP -enzyme becomes activated for glycogen sysnthesis -liver releases glucose in bloodstream | 17 | |
| 9602045668 | Growth factors | Stimulate the growth and division of cells | 18 | |
| 9602045669 | Nitric oxide | Functions as both a neurotransmitter and local regulator | 19 | |
| 9602045670 | Negative/positive feedback loops | The response decreases/reinforces a stimulus | 20 | |
| 9602045671 | Growth hormone GH | Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland -stimulates growth through tropic and nontropic effects -liver responds by releasing insulin like growth factors, which circulate blood and stimulate bone/cartilage growth -skeleton of immature animal stops growing when it isn't there -raises blood glucose levels (opposing insulin) | 21 | |
| 9602045672 | Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation | 22 | |
| 9602045674 | Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH | Hormone released by hypothalamus to activate TSH | 23 | |
| 9602045675 | Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH | Causes thyroid gland cells to secrete T3 and T4; stimulates thyroid growth | 24 | |
| 9602045676 | Difference between endocrine and exocrine systems | Endocrine: glands secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid (within) Exocrine: glands have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces/cavities (out of) | 25 | |
| 9602045677 | Difference between tropic and nontropic hormone | Tropic: regulate the function of other endocrine cells/glands -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH Nontropic: targets tissues that are not part of the endocrine system | 26 | |
| 9602045678 | Difference between afferent and efferent | Afferent: towards something (nerves=central nervous system, blood=heart) Efferent: conducting away from something | 27 | |
| 9602045679 | Posterior pituitary gland | Releases neurohormones made in hypothalamus (extension of hypothalamus) -Hormones: ADH (promotes retention of water by kidneys) and Oxytocin (contraction of uterus/mammary gland cells) -Peptide | 28 | |
| 9602045680 | Anterior pituitary gland | Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus -Hormones: GH (stimulates bone growth/metabolic functions) -TSH (stimulates thyroid gland) -Prolactin (milk production and secretion) | 29 | |
| 9602045681 | Thyroid gland | Regulates metabolism -T3 and T4 (stimulate and maintain metabolic processes) -Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium) As thyroid hormones accumulate, it increases metabolic rate, releasing thermal energy and increasing body temp | 30 | |
| 9602045682 | Parathyroid glands | Control calcium and phosphorus metabolism; produce parathyroid hormone. -PTH raises blood calcium levels | 31 | |
| 9602045683 | Pancreas | Regulates the level of sugar in the blood -Insulin (lowers blood glucose)- beta cells -Glucagon (increases blood glucose)- alpha -Exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes | 32 | |
| 9602045684 | Adrenal glands | Adrenal medulla -Epinephrine, norepinephrine (increase blood glucose and metabolic activities, constrict blood vessels) Adrenal cortex -Glucocorticoids (raise blood glucose), mineralocorticoids (promote reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium in kidneys) | 33 | |
| 9602045685 | Gonads | Testes Ovaries | 34 | |
| 9602045686 | Pineal gland | Secretes melatonin, involved in biological rhythms -Affected by light and dark cycles | 35 |
