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| 4836153957 | cell size is limited by... | Surface Area : Volume ration (SA/V) | 0 | |
| 4836155853 | Surface Area | the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary -cell membrane | 1 | |
| 4836157710 | Volume | A measure of the size of a body or region in 3-dimensional space -the volume of a cell is its cytoplasm and cellular content | 2 | |
| 4836159421 | How is a cell's size determinant of Diffusion? | If a cell get's too big, then the SA/V ratio gets smaller and the cell becomes inefficient when moving waste molecules out and nutrients in. | 3 | |
| 4836162236 | volume of a cube = | S^3 | 4 | |
| 4836162721 | Surface Area of a Cube = | 6S^2 | 5 | |
| 4836163129 | Volume of a Sphere = | 3/4πr^3 | 6 | |
| 4836167691 | Surface Area of a Sphere = | 4πr^2 | 7 | |
| 4836172479 | Cellular Structures that work efficiently when a cell's SA/V ratio is maximized. | -Root Hairs in Plants -Microvilla in the Intestines -Alveoli in the lungs | 8 | |
| 4836173599 | Root Hairs | maximize their SA/V ratio to absorb nutrients | 9 | |
| 4836174259 | Microvilla | extension of the small intestine to maximize nutrient absorption | 10 | |
| 4836176012 | Alveoli | site of gas exchange composed of tiny sacks in the lungs | 11 | |
| 4836177742 | Prokaryotic Cells | -DNA: single, circular chromosome housed in the nucleiod -cell membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes -bacteria, Archaea -Unicellular -no further organelles -10 mm size |  | 12 |
| 4836185544 | Nucleoid | a region in a Prokaryotic cell with no membrane that is used to house the DNA |  | 13 |
| 4836182675 | Eukaryotic Cells | -DNA: multiple, liner chromosomes in a membrane bound nucleus -cell membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes -protists (unicellular), fungi (usually unicellular), Plants, Animals -membrane bound organelles -100 mm size | | 14 |
| 4836188903 | Plant Cell | -posses a chloroplast and other plastids -cell walls of cellulose -large central vacule (to store water and maintain a plant turgid(with its structure)) -centrioles are absent -cell plates forms during cell division ---> resulting in a cell wall after mitosis |  | 15 |
| 4836196532 | Animal Cells | -lack plastids -lack a cell wall -small food vacules to sustain food particles -centrioles are present (align chromosomes at the center during mitosis) |  | 16 |
| 4836200356 | Cells that Lack ALL organelles | -Xylem in trees -Red Blood Cells in animals -Cork in the outer layer of trees -Epidermal skin layer in animals | 17 | |
| 4836202002 | Xylem | material that transports water from root to leaf in a plant | 18 | |
| 4836202549 | Red Blood Cell | lack a nucleus and thus carry hemoglobin (O2) throughout the body | 19 | |
| 4836204883 | Cork | -think bark -epidermal layer of cells of plats for protection | 20 | |
| 4836206336 | Epidermal Skin Layer | -skin cells in animals that are constantly being shed and are usually located in the top layer of the skin | 21 | |
| 4836208726 | Compartmentalization is ... ? | the key to efficiency | 22 | |
| 4836209650 | cell fractionation | devised to separate the various cell components while preserving their individual functions | 23 | |
| 4836214065 | the heaviest organelle is usually the | nucleus | 24 | |
| 4836214583 | the lightest organelle is usually the | endoplasmic ruticulum | 25 | |
| 4836215806 | the organelle that is usually found in the middle weight range is the | mitochondria | 26 | |
| 4836217433 | Nucleus | surrounded by the permeable nuclear envelope (double membrane) -DNA is found here arranged as chromosomes -has a Nucleolus |  | 27 |
| 4836324819 | nuclear envelope | -contains pores for the transport of molecules, like messenger RNA, which are too large to diffuse directly though the envelope |  | 28 |
| 4836221410 | Nucleolus | center of nucleus that manufactures Ribosomes | | 29 |
| 4836350549 | Cytosol | semi fluid substance in which subcellular components are suspended |  | 30 |
| 4836223755 | Ribosomes | -site of protein synthesis -is the smallest and most abundant organelle in cells -there are Free Floating and Attached ribosomes |  | 31 |
| 4836226322 | Free Floating Ribosomes | -float free in the cytosol -produce proteins that the cell can keep for it's self -can produce structural and enzymatic proteins for the cell | 32 | |
| 4836229660 | Attached Ribosomes | -are found in the rough ER -produce proteins that will be exported to the membrane (and fused with it) or transported outside the cell for other cells |  | 33 |
| 4836232559 | Electron Micrographs | higher magnification for cells |  | 34 |
| 4836235038 | Endomembrane Systems | Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicle, Lysosomes, Food Vacuole, Central Vacuole, Contractile Vacuole | 35 | |
| 4836236643 | Smooth ER | synthesizes lipids (sex hormones and other lipids) -detoxifies chemical components of the cell (drugs and poison) -free of ribosomes -Are found in abundance in: the Liver, ans Muscles for contraction and storage of Calcium ions |  | 36 |
| 4836240976 | Rough ER | -attached ribosomes -will send manufactured proteins to be packaged and ultimately secreted by the cell | | 37 |
| 4836242692 | Golgi Apparatus | package, modify, and sort proteins for export |  | 38 |
| 4836245301 | Vesicle | product of the golgi containing a protein that can either be protected or released from a cell |  | 39 |
| 4836247752 | Lysosomes | -specialized vesicles with digestive enzyme -need to be kept at an acidic pH buffered from the cytosol -can be merged with a food vacuole to digest its content -producer of Apoptosis |  | 40 |
| 4836339066 | Autophagy | with the help of lysosomes, the cell continually renews itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts | 41 | |
| 4836256720 | Apoptosis | programmed cell death of a damaged cell formed via lysosomes |  | 42 |
| 4836261034 | Food Vacuole | large food molecule is taken into the cell for storage and later digestion |  | 43 |
| 4836263860 | Central Vacuole | stores water in plants and keeps it turgid |  | 44 |
| 4836266163 | Contractile Vacuole | found in lake protist such as paramecium -a vacuole of water to maintain homeostasis by pushing water out of the cell |  | 45 |
| 4836268659 | organelles of energy conversion | -chloroplast and mitochondria | 46 | |
| 4836269217 | Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis in an autotroph -ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY |  | 47 |
| 4836273517 | Endosymbiotic Theory | - theory that postulates that mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living prokaryotic cells that took residence inside larger prokaryotic cells mitochondria and chloroplast have: ribosomes, replicate via binary fission, have their own DNA, many layers of membrane, circular, replicate independently from the cell | 48 | |
| 4836270750 | Mitochondria | powers the cell by generating ATP via cellular respiration -ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY |  | 49 |
| 4836278068 | Cytoskeleton | -protein filaments within a cell for shape and are attached to the cell for motility -flagellum -cilia |  | 50 |
| 4836279974 | flagellum | made of motor proteins for movement |  | 51 |
| 4836280859 | cilia | another extension of the cytoskeleton for movement |  | 52 |
| 4836309594 | Structure of cells | -STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION -nerve cell: long and spindly -fat cells: rounded, large, and distended | 53 | |
| 4836316621 | surface area increases more slowly then volume because ... | surface area is a function of the square of the radius while volume is the function of the cube of the radius | 54 |
