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| 4782541464 | Fluid Mosaic Model |  | 0 | |
| 4782544212 | phospholipid bilayer | proteins embedded in it, some have carbs attached; can all move laterally |  | 1 |
| 4782556418 | saturated lipids | more fluid at warm, tend to freeze at cold (solid) |  | 2 |
| 4782556419 | unsaturated lipids | more fluid at cold due to the kinks (double bonds), prevents freezing |  | 3 |
| 4782566383 | cholesterol | b/w lipids, prevents tight packing, only in animals, prevents from moving laterally |  | 4 |
| 4782574210 | emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. |  | 5 |
| 4782579323 | amphipathic | have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions | 6 | |
| 4783282266 | integral proteins | penetrate through membrane |  | 7 |
| 4783284176 | peripheral proteins | inside cell, not part of membrane structure |  | 8 |
| 4783287500 | Carbohydrates: | cell-to-cell recognition, glycoproteins and glycolipids | 9 | |
| 4783289643 | semi-permeable | molecule needs to move through the hydrophobic core of membrane to cross the membrane (easy for small hydrophobic molecules e.g. non-polar, CO2, O2, hydrocarbons) (hard for ions, polar, hydrophilic) |  | 10 |
| 4783293514 | passive transport | move down the concentration gradient, no energy needed |  | 11 |
| 4783295811 | Diffusion | move from high concentration to low concentration |  | 12 |
| 4783298198 | Osmosis | movement of WATER, moves toward higher SOLUTE concentration, water will move from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution |  | 13 |
| 4783300199 | hypotonic solution | low conc of solutes, high conc of free water molecules | 14 | |
| 4783301968 | hypertonic solution | high conc of solutes, low conc of free water molecules | 15 | |
| 4783304521 | isotonic solution | equal conc of solutes | 16 | |
| 4783308820 | Animal Cells need to be in isotonic | burst if in hypotonic, shrivel if in hypertonic | 17 | |
| 4783309995 | Plant cells need to be in hypotonic | the roots need oxygen for cell respiration, so too much water can make them suffocate; hypotonic--> turgid/firm; isontonic--> flaccid/wilted; hypertonic--> plasmolysis/shrinks | 18 | |
| 4783318343 | Contractile Vacuole | Paramecium - lives in fresh water (hypotonic) so he is a hypertonic, needs a way to not explode from intaking so much water - vacuoles contract and water comes through, fills up, and leaves through canals and gets shot out |  | 19 |
| 4783328244 | Facilitated Diffusion | passive, via transport proteins in the membrane (very specific for what they transport) |  | 20 |
| 4783337516 | Channel Proteins | tunnel for molecules to go through |  | 21 |
| 4783337822 | Carrier Proteins | changes shape as it moves the molecules across the membrane |  | 22 |
| 4783340417 | Active Transport | move up the concentration gradient, energy needed (ATP), transport protein needed |  | 23 |
| 4783345400 | Example of active transport: sodium- potassium pump | creates a membrane potential, electrogenic-creates a voltage gradient across a membrane or a difference in positive and negative charges (salty banana) inside of cell is more negative because 2 potassium going in and 3 sodium going out |  | 24 |
| 4783354913 | membrane potential | voltage across the membrane, difference in positive and negative between inside and outside |  | 25 |
| 4783356982 | electrogenic pump | helps create and maintain the membrane potential |  | 26 |
| 4783363504 | electrochemical gradient (for passive transport) | combination of concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient (pos/neg), molecules always diffuse down their electrochemical gradient; depends between each circumstance, could have different pulls and concentrations each time | 27 | |
| 4786111280 | cotransport | the positive will tend to go towards the cell becasue the inside is negative; membrane protein that moves 2 solutes - e.g. the proton pump pumps in protons and sucrose |  | 28 |
| 4786121992 | exocytosis | transports large molecules outside of the cell via a transport vesicle, energy needed, vesicles migrate to plasma membrane and the vesicles spit out the contents outside of the cell |  | 29 |
| 4786138757 | endocytosis | transports large molecules into the cell, plasma membrane forms vesicles, requires energy Phagocytosis: taking in particles (eating) Pinocytosis: taking in liquids Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: taking in specific molecules that attach to receptors on the cell membrane (e.g. cholesterol) |  | 30 |
| 4786161414 | Reception of Signal by Target Cell | - specific binding - target cells: will have certain receptors in them - ligand (chemical signal binding to a receptor molecule) - most are cell membrane proteins |  | 31 |
| 4786176197 | Transduction of Signal | receptor shape is changed by the action of binding of the chemical signal - binding causes changes to occur in the cell that bring about a response |  | 32 |
| 4786179666 | Response | specific cellular response is triggered | 33 | |
| 4786183115 | G-Protein-Coupled Receptors | - plasma membrane proteins with receptors on them - cell signaling pathway - signaling molecule comes from outside of the cell, chemical signal binds to the G Protein receptor, receptor changes shape and binds to G Protein - binding causes G Protein to exchange GDP for GTP (active) - G Protein moves along inside of the plasma membrane and binds to another membrane protein, and enzyme, and activates it - signals the enzyme and then backs off, enzyme sends a cellular response |  | 34 |
| 4786271592 | Ion Channel Receptors | - uses no ATP because it moves from high conc to low conc - have a "gate" that can open and close the channel - when ligand binds, the channel opens or closes allowing the flow or stopping the flow of ions - binds signal to receptor |  | 35 |
| 4786297040 | Intracellular Receptors | - lipid hormones (only these can get through plasma membrane) - inside the cell in the cytosol or in the nucleus - binds to the receptor inside the cell, they both go together into the nucleus and bind to the DNA which makes RNA and proteins |  | 36 |
| 4787203887 | Signal Transduction Pathways | - involves lots of P switching, or moving of molecules that act as messengers - protein phosphorylation cascade (keeps going over and over again) - increases number of activated proteins - P comes off the ATP and activates the next protein (chain) |  | 37 |
| 4787207662 | kinase | add phosphate to the reaction | 38 | |
| 4787211033 | phosphatase | remove phosphate | 39 | |
| 4787226976 | Second Messengers | - tiny non-protein molecules or ions that spread throughout the cell - cyclic AMP (cAMP) is converted from ATP and becomes a second messenger, activates other proteins to cause the response - can spread the signal through the cell more quickly because they are small and lots of them |  | 40 |
| 4787241391 | Cellular Responses | - signal is cell-specific - depends on proteins (receptors, relay proteins, enzymes etc) to carry out the response - different cell types have different proteins because they have turned on or off different sets of genes - must end the signal or turn off the response so the cell can be ready to accept a new signal (e.g. takes phosphates away, GTP goes off and GDP comes back on, etc.) | 41 |
