Terms : Hide Images
| 8555349692 | macromolecules | molecules of a large size | 0 | |
| 8555360463 | polymer | made up of monomers | 1 | |
| 8555364579 | 4 main classes of molecules in living things | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | 2 | |
| 8555368896 | monomers | individual pieces of a larger puzzle (polymer); some have a function of their own | 3 | |
| 8555375986 | enzymes | biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but not used up in the process | 4 | |
| 8555384799 | dehydration reactions | a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule (1 molecule give a -OH and the other a -H) (synthesizing a polymer) | 5 | |
| 8555394020 | polymerization | the making of a polymer via dehydration | 6 | |
| 8555414817 | hydrolysis | reverse of dehydration reactions; the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule with a H attaching to one monomer and the -OH attaching to the other: i.e. digestion (breaking down a polymer) | 7 | |
| 8555437669 | Carbohydrates | include sugars and starches (polymers of sugars) | 8 | |
| 8555442968 | monosaccharide | made up of 1 sugar monomer, most common is glucose; used for a source of quick energy |  | 9 |
| 8555482656 | Identification of Carbohydrates | Ratio of C-1, H-2, O-1 | 10 | |
| 8555490217 | Disaccharides | molecule made of 2 sugars; i. e. Maltose and Sucrose | 11 | |
| 8555497685 | glycosidic linkage | covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (p.69) | 12 | |
| 8555505972 | Polysaccharides | macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages | 13 | |
| 8555529161 | uses for polysaccharides | storage for energy, and building material for cell structures | 14 | |
| 8555538348 | starch | polysaccharide that is made up of glucose monomers in PLANTS; stored as granules in plastids (stored energy) | 15 | |
| 8555550190 | glycogen | polysaccharide that is made up of glucose in ANIMALS; stored in liver and muscle cells (stored energy) | 16 | |
| 8555642411 | cellulose | structural polysaccharide; major component of the tough walls of plant cells; most abundant organic compound on Earth | 17 | |
| 8555650309 | Chitin | structural polysaccharide; major component of exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals) | 18 | |
| 8555662152 | Lipids | large biomolecules lacking in true monomers, not considered macromolecules; HYDROPHOBIC; major function - long term energy storage in adipose tissue | 19 | |
| 8555690132 | fat | made up of glycerol and fatty acids | 20 | |
| 8555692696 | fatty acid | long C skeleton usually 16-18 C atoms in length | 21 | |
| 8555698048 | triacylglyceride | 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 22 | |
| 8555707937 | Saturated fats | compound with no double bonds and is saturated with as many H bonded to C as possible; most are found in animal fat (lard and butter); very flexible | 23 | |
| 8555721173 | Unsaturated fats | has one or more double bonds with one fewer H per double bond of C; found in plants and fish; (olive oil and cod liver oil); in nature, double bonds are cis | 24 | |
| 8555830498 | trans fat | with trans double bonds; found in baked goods and processed foods; labeled and must be removed from food supply by 2018 | 25 | |
| 8555857326 | phospholipid | found in cells as a major constituent in cell membranes; glycerol with 2 fatty acids; (glycerol head is hydrophilic and fatty acid tails are hydrophobic) | 26 | |
| 8555878614 | steroids | lipids with 4 fused rings in carbon skeleton | 27 | |
| 8555897385 | cholesterol | type of steroid; common component of animal cell membranes and is also a precursor for other steroids such as sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) | 28 | |
| 8555909309 | proteins | account for more than 50% of dry mass of most cells and they are instrumental in almost everything organisms do; made of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure | 29 | |
| 8555949136 | polypeptide | polymer of amino acids | 30 | |
| 8555918264 | biological catalysts | (enzymes) chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction | 31 | |
| 8555931898 | amino acids | monomers of proteins joined together by peptide bonds; 20 make up all the proteins; made up of an amine group and a carboxyl group, and a R group (side chain) |  | 32 |
| 8555991067 | enzymatic proteins | selective acceleration of chemical reactions | 33 | |
| 8555992708 | storage proteins | storage of amino acids | 34 | |
| 8555995128 | hormonal proteins | coordination of an organisms activities | 35 | |
| 8555998838 | contractile and motor proteins | movement | 36 | |
| 8555998840 | defensive proteins | protection against disease | 37 | |
| 8556000705 | transport proteins | transport of substances | 38 | |
| 8556002067 | receptor proteins | response of cell to chemical stimuli | 39 | |
| 8556004042 | structural proteins | support | 40 | |
| 8556013486 | peptide bond | bond between amino acids in the formation of proteins | 41 | |
| 8556021865 | protein nature | structure determines function | 42 | |
| 8556026291 | 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary | 43 | |
| 8556030556 | primary protein structure | linear chain of amino acids | 44 | |
| 8556040250 | secondary protein structure | regions stabilized by H bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone; alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet | 45 | |
| 8556047027 | tertiary protein structure | 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains; hydrophobic interaction; disulfide bridges | 46 | |
| 8556060714 | quaternary protein structure | association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only) i.e. collagen and hemoglobin | 47 | |
| 8556316471 | denaturation | physical and/or chemical conditions that cause the protein to change shape, therefore, reducing or ending functionality of the protein | 48 | |
| 8556326298 | physical/chemical conditions of denaturation | pH change, temperature change, salt concentration change (other aspects of protein environment) | 49 | |
| 8556340035 | renaturation | the ability of a protein to restore innate structure if the denatured protein remains dissolved; conditional | 50 | |
| 8556350242 | xray chrystallography | method used to determine the 3D structure of a protein and it depends on the diffraction of an xray beam by the atoms of a crystallized molecule | 51 | |
| 8556363393 | intrinsically disordered proteins | may account for 20-30% of mammalian proteins; do not have a specific shape until they react with a target tissue | 52 | |
| 8556382534 | gene | unit of inheritance | 53 | |
| 8556383735 | nucleic acids | polymers made of monomers, nucleotides | 54 | |
| 8556386170 | nucleotides | monomer made up of a 5 C sugar, Phosphate group, and a nitrogen base | 55 | |
| 8556389132 | deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA; genetic material inherited by parents | 56 | |
| 8556395695 | ribonucleic acid | RNA; synthesized by DNA; allows for gene expression to take place | 57 | |
| 8556397572 | gene expression | DNA controls its own replication and directs RNA synthesis and controls protein synthesis; these 3 components make up gene expression; DNA -> RNA-> Proteins | 58 | |
| 8556423370 | pyrimidine | family of N base - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil - that has one six membered ring of Carbon and nitrogen atoms | 59 | |
| 8556437944 | purines | family of N base - Adenine and Guanine - they have a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring | 60 | |
| 8556447673 | deoxyribose | 5 carbon sugar in DNA | 61 | |
| 8556450907 | ribose | 5 carbon sugar in RNA | 62 | |
| 8556466892 | Nucleotide polymers | made up of sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogen base appendages read from the 5' end to the 3' end | 63 | |
| 8556477605 | 5' Carbon on the sugar | attached to a phosphate group | 64 | |
| 8556498571 | 3' Carbon on the sugar | attached to a hydroxyl group | 65 | |
| 8556582130 | double helix | 2 strands of DNA wound around an imaginary axis | 66 | |
| 8556584508 | antiparallel | one side of the double helix is from 5' to 3' and the complementary side is 3' to 5' | 67 | |
| 8556590843 | base pairing | A - T; G - C in DNA. A-U; G-C in RNA | 68 | |
| 8556598361 | DNA sequencing | determining the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA strand | 69 | |
| 8556604652 | bioinformatics | the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets | 70 | |
| 8556607066 | genomics | when biologists analyze large sets of genes or even whole genomes of different species to address problems | 71 | |
| 8556612388 | proteomics | similar to genomics instead of looking at datasets of genes, scientists look at datasets of proteins to solve a problem | 72 | |
| 8556618312 | molecular geneology | looking at the concept of evolutionary development using genetic evaluations and DNA sequencing | 73 | |
| 8556630940 | nucleoside | 5 Carbon + N base | 74 |
