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| 8460214623 | homologous structures | structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |  | 0 |
| 8460214624 | vestigial structures | remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors |  | 1 |
| 8460214625 | convergent evolution | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages |  | 2 |
| 8460214626 | Hardy-Weinberg | the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |  | 3 |
| 8460214627 | gene pool | the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population |  | 4 |
| 8460214628 | population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring |  | 5 |
| 8460214629 | natural selection | a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics |  | 6 |
| 8460214630 | genetic drift | changes in the gene pool due to random events | 7 | |
| 8460214631 | founder effect | when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population |  | 8 |
| 8460214632 | bottleneck effect | when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether |  | 9 |
| 8460214633 | gene flow | the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 10 | |
| 8460214634 | directional selection | when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other |  | 11 |
| 8460214635 | disruptive selection | when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes |  | 12 |
| 8460214636 | stabilizing selection | acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants |  | 13 |
| 8460214637 | sexual selection | a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates |  | 14 |
| 8460214638 | sexual dimorphism | marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior) |  | 15 |
| 8460214640 | heterozygote advantage | when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous | 16 | |
| 8460214642 | speciation | the process by which one species splits into two or more species |  | 17 |
| 8460214645 | species | a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups | 18 | |
| 8460214646 | reproductive isolation | the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring | 19 | |
| 8460214647 | hybrids | offspring that result from interspecific mating |  | 20 |
| 8460214648 | prezygotic barriers | impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic) |  | 21 |
| 8460214649 | post zygotic barriers | prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown | 22 | |
| 8460214650 | allopatric speciation | gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |  | 23 |
| 8460214651 | sympatric speciation | speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection) |  | 24 |
| 8460214652 | polyploidy | extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division |  | 25 |
| 8460214653 | punctuated equilibrium | the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change |  | 26 |
| 8460214654 | endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells |  | 27 |
| 8460214655 | adaptive radiation | Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities |  | 28 |
| 8460214656 | homeotic genes "hox" | master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged | 29 | |
| 8460214657 | phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |  | 30 |
| 8460214658 | phylogenetic tree | evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram |  | 31 |
| 8460214660 | homology | similarity due to shared ancestry |  | 32 |
| 8460214661 | clade | a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants | 33 | |
| 8460214662 | outgroup | a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying | 34 | |
| 8460214663 | Darwin's Theory (five parts) | 1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles) | 35 | |
| 8460214665 | abiotic synthesis | formation of organic molecules from inorganic material | 36 | |
| 8460214669 | fitness | ability to produce surviving offspring | 37 | |
| 8460214673 | biological species concept | group of populations whose members have potential to produce fertile offspring. | 38 | |
| 8460214678 | absolute dating | relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil | 39 | |
| 8460933494 | Miller Urey Experiment | Found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere. |  | 40 |
| 8460939404 | niche | the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) | 41 | |
| 8460946190 | derived trait | a novel trait present in a clade but not in the clade's ancestors |  | 42 |
| 8460964121 | Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | The condition describing a non-evolving population (genetic equilibrium). | 43 | |
| 8460986489 | Hardy Weinberg Equation | Used for finding allele frequencies: p2 +2pq+q2=1; p+q=1, where p and q are allele frequencies |  | 44 |
| 8460996469 | conserved | trait found in ancestors; very important for survival | 45 | |
| 8461011319 | cladogram | diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |  | 46 |
| 8461025995 | phylogenetic | A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms |  | 47 |
| 8461038011 | allele frequency | proportion of one allele, compared with all the alleles for that trait, in the gene pool |  | 48 |
| 8461048157 | RNA world model | RNA was first genetic material; carries genetics info and can catalyze proteins and act as dicer | 49 | |
| 8461091706 | Postzygotic examples include | hybrid inviability (dies), hybrid sterility (can't produce egg/sperm), hybrid breakdown (weak) | 50 | |
| 8461118734 | How do postzygotic barriers separate species? | maintains reproductive isolation/prevents gene flow | 51 | |
| 8605583178 | Relative dating | Estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata |  | 52 |
| 8605593274 | Amniotic egg | an egg which encases the embryo in a secure, self-contained aquatic environment (reptile, bird, mammal) | 53 |
