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AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

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6049580690EvolutionA change in allele frequencies in a population over many generations.0
6049580691Allelethe different versions of a gene1
6049580692Hardy-Weinberg Equationp² + 2pq + q² =12
6049580693Gene flowMovement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population. It INCREASES diversity.3
6049580694MutationsRandom errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.4
6049580695Nonrandom matingIndividuals choose their mates for a specific reason.5
6049580696Natural SelectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.6
6049580697Genetic DriftA change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. It LIMITS diversity.7
6049580698Bottleneck EffectWhen a population has been dramatically reduced, and the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's. It LIMITS diversity.8
6049580699The Founder EffectWhen a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population.9
6049580700Gene PoolAll of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population10
6049580701HeterozygousAn organism that has two different alleles for a trait11
6049580702HomozygousHaving two identical alleles for a particular gene12
6049580703LinnaeusInvented binomial nomenclature13
6049580704Lamarckinheritance of acquired characteristics14
6049580705DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection15
6049580706Stabilizing SelectionNatural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.16
6049580707Disruptive SelectionIncreases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.17
6049580708Directional SelectionNatural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.18
6049580709Artificial SelectionHumans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock.19
6049580710FitnessHow well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment20
6049580711Adaptive evolutionAn evolutionary process that is directed by natural selection, which makes a population better adapted to live in an environment.21
6049580712Allopatric Speciationthe evolution of new species through the process of geographic isolation into two separate environments22
6049580713Sympatric Speciationoccurs when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier23
6049580714Continental DriftWegener's idea that the continents slowly moved over Earth's surface, leading to allopatric speciation24
6049580715Diploidhaving two sets of chromosomes25
6049580716HaploidCell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells26
6049580717Heterozygote advantagegreater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool27
6049580718Homologous StructuresStructures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.28
6049580719Analogous StructuresSimilar in function but not structure, like the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly.29
6049580720Convergent EvolutionThe process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment30
7565139491Prezygotic barriersPrevent mating between different species by blocking the zygote from forming31
7565159385Postzygotic barriersPrevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult32

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