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| 11908103838 | DNA replication | The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. | 0 | |
| 11908107643 | DNA polymerase III | synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction | 1 | |
| 11908114169 | DNA polymerase I | Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides | 2 | |
| 11908127967 | Helicase | An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. | 3 | |
| 11908131965 | replication fork | A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized. | 4 | |
| 11908136341 | Topoisomerase | Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork. | 5 | |
| 11908142034 | RNA primer | short segment of RNA used to initiate synthesis of a new strand of DNA during replication | 6 | |
| 11908147476 | Okazaki fragments | Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand. | 7 | |
| 11908151338 | DNA ligase | an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments | 8 | |
| 11908154397 | Nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | 9 | |
| 11908161364 | Transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | 10 | |
| 11908165910 | transcription factors | Collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. | 11 | |
| 11908171229 | Promoter | specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription | 12 | |
| 11908176182 | pre-mRNA | a form of messenger RNA that contains both introns and exons | 13 | |
| 11908179842 | exonuclease | enzyme that cleaves off nucleotides, one at a time, from the end of the RNA | 14 | |
| 11908190118 | poly-A tail | a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule | 15 | |
| 11908203166 | 3' to 5' | Direction DNA is read | 16 | |
| 11908215748 | leading strand | The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction. | 17 | |
| 11908224489 | lagging strand | A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork. | 18 | |
| 11908233302 | spliceosome | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | 19 | |
| 11908242057 | Ribosome | site of protein synthesis | 20 | |
| 11908242162 | AUG | start codon | 21 | |
| 11908245622 | UAA, UAG, UGA | stop codons | 22 | |
| 11908253279 | gene expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. | 23 | |
| 11908265390 | CRISPR/Cas9 | a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence | 24 | |
| 11908280566 | Translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain | 25 | |
| 11908284631 | Codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid | 26 | |
| 11908294119 | Anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 27 | |
| 11908297576 | frameshift mutation | mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence | 28 | |
| 11908305444 | gene mutation | a change in the base sequence of a gene | 29 | |
| 11908305445 | chromosomal mutation | A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations. | 30 | |
| 11908315762 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 31 | |
| 11908320156 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 32 | |
| 11908325958 | missense mutation | A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. | 33 | |
| 11908331443 | Chaperonin | protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins | 34 |
