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| 13835909610 | Lamarck | French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics that are passed down based on usefulness | 0 | |
| 13835940627 | 1. A very large population; 2. No migration; 3. No mutation; 4. No natural selection; 5. Random mating | Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | 1 | |
| 13835958064 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | A state of a non-evolving population, where the frequencies of two alleles do not change from generation to generation. | 2 | |
| 13835985294 | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation | 3 | |
| 13835998398 | Genetic Drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. | 4 | |
| 13836003662 | bottleneck effect | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population | 5 | |
| 13836003663 | founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population | 6 | |
| 13836007200 | gene flow | Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population | 7 | |
| 13836009744 | Mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information, causing a change in the allele frequency of a population | 8 | |
| 13836017364 | non-random mating | occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals | 9 | |
| 13836024725 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 10 | |
| 13836027789 | allopatric speciation | populations are separated by geographic isolation, thus a new species can be formed following adaptation to new surroundings | 11 | |
| 13836044231 | adaptive radiation | An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species | 12 | |
| 13836047313 | sympatric speciation | The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area | 13 | |
| 13836053146 | Autopolyploidy | meiotic error causes a species to have more than two sets of chromosomes. Contribution is from one species | 14 | |
| 13836065905 | allopolyploidy | polyploidy resulting from contribution of chromosomes from two or more species | 15 | |
| 13836072883 | Gradualism | species are produced by slow evolution of intermediate species | 16 | |
| 13836076912 | punctuated equilibrium | Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change | 17 | |
| 13836085094 | stabilizing selection | extreme phenotypes are eliminated and the more common phenotypes are conserved |  | 18 |
| 13836144195 | directional selection | One of the extreme phenotypes is selected |  | 19 |
| 13836150402 | diversifying selection | Both of the extreme phenotypes are selected |  | 20 |
| 13836164627 | homologous structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. | 21 | |
| 13836169270 | vestigial organs | remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species | 22 | |
| 13836178270 | analogous structures | similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution | 23 | |
| 13836184151 | Miller-Urey Experiment | Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere. | 24 | |
| 13836218962 | heterotrophic hypothesis | the hypothesis suggesting that the first life-forms were prokaryotic heterotrophs that used the supply of naturally occurring organic compounds for food | 25 | |
| 13836236244 | endosymbiotic theory | a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes | 26 | |
| 13836284846 | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | photosynthesis equation (overall) | 27 | |
| 13836297721 | chlorophyll a | main photosynthetic pigment | 28 | |
| 13836319573 | chlorophyll b and carotenoids | accessory pigments that allow leaves to capture a wider spectrum of visible light than chlorophyll a alone | 29 | |
| 13836326533 | Photosystems I and II | embedded in the thylakoids (internal membranes of chloroplasts), consist of hundreds of pigment molecules that funnel light energy to two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center. Essentially they use an electron transport system to transfer higher free energy electrons. | 30 | |
| 13836360028 | electron transport chain | In photosynthesis: an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane. Electrons are transferred from PSII -> primary electron acceptor -> donated to PSI -> electron carriers -> donated to NADP+ to make NADPH | 31 | |
| 13838399539 | Chemiosmosis | A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. (After electrons are transferred down thylakoid membrane) | 32 | |
| 13838419573 | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy | chemical equation for cellular respiration | 33 | |
| 13838423926 | Glycolysis | Turns glucose into pyruvate, spends 2 ATP and 2 NAD+, makes 2 NADH and 4 ATP | 34 | |
| 13838430779 | Shuttle step | Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria | 35 | |
| 13838431830 | Krebs cycle | Uses different forms of oxaloacetate as an intermediate to produce ATP from ADP | 36 | |
| 13838441593 | electron transport chain | In cellular respiration: Occurs in the mitochondria, NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons and pass them to a series of electron acceptors as these electrons move toward the final electron acceptor. No direct ATP is made, must be coupled to oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis | 37 | |
| 13838464636 | 38 | Cellular respiration produces a total of ________ ATP | 38 | |
| 13838472038 | Glycolysis | __________ happens in both aerobic respiration and fermentation. | 39 | |
| 13838474949 | lactic acid fermentation | Includes glycolysis plus an additional reaction that generates NAD+ and lactic acid | 40 | |
| 13838484708 | alcohol fermentation | Includes glycolysis plus additional reactions that produce NAD+, ethanol, and CO2. | 41 | |
| 13880089115 | Chlorophyll a | Main photosynthetic pigment | 42 | |
| 13880089116 | chlorophyll b and carotenoids | Accessory pigments that allow leaves to capture a wider spectrum of visible light | 43 | |
| 13880089117 | Photosystems I and II | II before I, produce ATP, only with both is NADPH and O2 produced from the flow. Embedded in thylakoids, use electron transport. | 44 | |
| 13880097861 | Activation energy | Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the _________ | 45 | |
| 13880360515 | Prokaryotic | _________ cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They also have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. | 46 | |
| 13880360516 | Prokaryotic | _______ cells have no histones or formation of chromosomes. | 47 | |
| 13880360517 | Mitochondrial inheritance | A pattern of inheritance in which all genes present come from mother | 48 | |
| 13880360518 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Site of protein and membrane synthesis, including detoxification of drugs. | 49 | |
| 13880360519 | Rough ER | Has ribosomes, the other does not | 50 | |
| 13880360520 | Golgi apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell; synthesizes carbohydrates | 51 | |
| 13880360521 | Lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes | 52 | |
| 13880360522 | epithelial tissue | Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities; functions: protection, absorption, secretion, rapid diffusion | 53 | |
| 13880360523 | oral cavity | Only carbs are broken down in the _________. | 54 | |
| 13880360524 | stomach | Only protein is broken down in the ________. | 55 | |
| 13880360525 | Small intestine | All three macromolecules are broken down in the ________, but this is the first place that lipids are broken down. | 56 | |
| 13880360526 | large intestine (colon) | Main purpose is to reabsorb water. | 57 | |
| 13880360527 | Platelets | blood clotting | 58 | |
| 13880360528 | Plasma | Liquid part of blood | 59 | |
| 13880360529 | lymph | Lost fluid or protein | 60 | |
| 13880360530 | systolic pressure | peak arterial pressure | 61 | |
| 13880360531 | diastolic pressure | minimum arterial pressure | 62 | |
| 13880360532 | Nephrons | filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine | 63 | |
| 13880674053 | Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined. Allows faster communication. | 64 | |
| 13880674054 | Cilia | Sweep pathogens to exterior opening of respiratory tract; nonspecific defense | 65 | |
| 13880674055 | Interferons | interfere with viral replication within cells; nonspecific defense | 66 | |
| 13880674056 | humoral immune response | Specific immune defense: involves B cells, which attack pathogens with antibodies | 67 | |
| 13880674057 | cell-mediated immune response | Specific immune response: involves mainly T cells and leads to the destruction of cells that are infected with viruses | 68 | |
| 13880674058 | parenchyma | Used in storage, photosynthesis, and protection and transport in plants | 69 | |
| 13880674059 | Collenchyma | Supports growing parts of plant | 70 | |
| 13880674060 | Schlerenchyma | Supports non-growing parts of the plant, transport/fibers, and vessels of vascular tissue | 71 | |
| 13880674061 | dermal tissue | tissue of the plant that makes up the waxy outer layer of the plant | 72 | |
| 13880674062 | ground tissue | tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant roots and offers support, storage, and photosynthesis/fibers. | 73 | |
| 13880674063 | vascular tissue | Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. | 74 | |
| 13880674064 | meristematic tissue | plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth | 75 | |
| 13880674065 | gametophyte | The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells. Haploid. | 76 | |
| 13880674066 | sporophyte | Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism. Formed BY gametes. | 77 | |
| 13880674067 | Spores | Normal cell of plant | 78 | |
| 13959913727 | chief cells | _________________ secrete pepsinogen (type of cell) | 79 | |
| 13959919356 | Lipids (fats) | Type of macromolecule that has the most amount of energy available per carbon | 80 | |
| 13959925179 | Pharynx | (Pharynx or Larynx) is part of the digestive tract | 81 | |
| 13959930109 | inhibits | Alcohol consumption generally leads to greater urine volume. Alcohol (INHIBITS or STIMULATES) ADH, and prevents water from leaving the collecting duct and entering the renal medulla. | 82 | |
| 13959936930 | blastula stage | During embryonic development, stage begins after the formation of 128 cells and terminates with germ layer differentiation | 83 | |
| 13959940535 | Ectoderm | outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin | 84 | |
| 13959940536 | Endoderm | the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems | 85 | |
| 13959943144 | Mesoderm | the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm. | 86 | |
| 13960015759 | relative refractory period | A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual | 87 | |
| 13960018047 | absolute refractory period | The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. | 88 |
