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| 7664667657 | Carolus Linnaeus | grouped similar species into increasingly general categories reflecting what he believed to be the pattern of their creation, developed taxonomy and binomial nomenclature | 0 | |
| 7664677759 | taxonomy | branch of biology dedicated to the naming and classification of all forms of life | 1 | |
| 7664688170 | binomial nomenclature | two-part naming system that includes organism's genus and species | 2 | |
| 7664700454 | Georges Cuvier | French geologist opposed to the idea of evolution and was influential in the way that he said that catastrophic/world changing events happened suddenly and this explains boundaries | 3 | |
| 7664708944 | Charles Lyell | English geologist who was homies with Charles Darwin, realized that the earth must be VERY old | 4 | |
| 7664722051 | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | developed early theory of evolution based on principles of use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics | 5 | |
| 7664737347 | use and disuse | the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate | 6 | |
| 7664744204 | inheritance of acquired characteristics | assumes that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to the next generation | 7 | |
| 7664757019 | Charles Darwin | traveled on HMS Beagle which led to his theory of evolution by natural selection | 8 | |
| 7664764284 | natural selection | -individuals in a pop. vary in traits, many of which are heritable -a pop. can produce way more offspring than can survive in the environment -individuals w/ inherited traits that are better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce -evolution occurs when unequal reproductive success of individuals lead to adaptations to their environment, and over time, the organisms become better suited to their environment | 9 | |
| 7664801087 | adaptations | heritable characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments | 10 | |
| 7664812960 | artificial selection | process by which species are modified by humans | 11 | |
| 7664819427 | homology | characteristics in related species have an underlying similarity even though they have very different functions | 12 | |
| 7664828708 | homologous structures | anatomical signs of evolution | 13 | |
| 7664833009 | embryonic homologies | comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms | 14 | |
| 7664851385 | vestigial organs | structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism (basically remnants of structures that were important to organisms' ancestors) | 15 | |
| 7664863029 | molecular homologies | shared characteristics on the molecular level | 16 | |
| 7664868670 | convergent evolution | when two organisms develop similarities as they adapt to similar environmental conditions | 17 | |
| 7664887150 | The Fossil Record | fossils show that evolutionary changes have occurred over time and the origin of major new groups of organisms | 18 | |
| 7664894972 | biogeography | the geographic distribution of species | 19 | |
| 7724449157 | continental drift (and the breakup of Pangaea) | can explain the similarity of species on continents that are distant today | 20 | |
| 7664901624 | endemic species | species found at a certain geographic location and nowhere else | 21 | |
| 7664913308 | mutations | random changes in the DNA, the only source of new genes and new alleles | 22 | |
| 7664919502 | point mutations | changes in the nucleotide base in a gene, can have a significant impact on phenotype | 23 | |
| 7664931367 | chromosomal mutations | delete, disrupt, duplicate, or rearrange many loci at once, usually harmful but not always | 24 | |
| 7724477433 | 3 mechanisms for shuffling alleles in sexual reproduction | -crossing over -independent assortment -fertilization | 25 | |
| 7664943762 | population genetics | study of how populations change genetically over time | 26 | |
| 7664951154 | population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring | 27 | |
| 7664962855 | gene pool | all of the alleles at all loci in all the members of a population | 28 | |
| 7664971785 | Hardy-Weinberg principle | describes a population that is not evolving | 29 | |
| 7664978968 | five conditions for H-W Equilibrium | -no change in allelic frequency due to mutation -random mating -no natural selection -the pop. size must be extremely large (no genetic drift) -no gene flow (emigration, immigration, transfer of pollen, etc.) | 30 | |
| 7724491627 | Hardy-Weinburg equation | p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p + q = 1 p = frequency of A (dominant allele) q = frequency of a (recessive allele) p² = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant) 2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous) q² = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive) | 31 | |
| 7721835873 | the three major factors that alter allele frequencies and bring about the most evolutionary change | -natural selection -genetic drift -gene flow | 32 | |
| 7721842768 | genetic drift | unpredictable fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. The smaller the pop., the greater likelihood of drift | 33 | |
| 7721852292 | founder effect | a few individuals become isolated from a larger pop. and establish a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of source population | 34 | |
| 7722848352 | bottleneck effect | a sudden change in the environment drastically reduces the size of a population | 35 | |
| 7722854675 | gene flow | a population gains or loses alleles by genetic additions or subtractions from the population | 36 | |
| 7722862696 | relative fitness | the contribution an organism makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other members, measured only by reproductive success | 37 | |
| 7722882183 | directional selection | shifts the overall makeup of the population by favoring variants that are at one extreme of the distribution | 38 | |
| 7722891038 | disruptive selection | favors variants at both ends of the distribution | 39 | |
| 7722894630 | stabilizing selection | removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types | 40 | |
| 7722929596 | diploidy | because most eukaryotes are diploid, they are capable of hiding genetic variation (recessive alleles) from selection | 41 | |
| 7722900016 | sexual selection | individuals w/ certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates, can result in sexual dimorphism | 42 | |
| 7722908240 | sexual dimorphism | a difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics such as differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior | 43 | |
| 7722920146 | heterozygote advantage | individuals who are heterozygous at a certain locus have an advantage for survival | 44 | |
| 7724543111 | why natural selection can't produce perfect organisms | -selection can only edit existing variations -evolution is limited by historical constraints -adaptations are often compromises -chance, natural selection, and the environment interact | 45 | |
| 7722935224 | speciation | process by which new species arise | 46 | |
| 7725336101 | prezygotic barriers | prevent mating or hinder fertilization if mating has occurred. Ex/ habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation | 47 | |
| 7724564646 | prezygotic and postzygotic | 2 types of barriers that prevent members of different species from producing offspring that can also successfully reproduce examples of prezygotic barriers: -habitat isolation -behavioral isolation -temporal isolation -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation examples of postzygotic barriers: -reduced hybrid viability -reduced hybrid fertility -hybrid breakdown | 48 | |
| 7725341921 | habitat isolation | two species live in different habitats so they won't encounter each other and mate | 49 | |
| 7725424957 | behavioral isolation | species don't respond to mating signals/behaviors used by other species | 50 | |
| 7725446664 | temporal isolation | species may breed at different times of the day/year and this prevents them from mating | 51 | |
| 7725455336 | mechanical isolation | species may be anatomically incompatible | 52 | |
| 7725462365 | gametic isolation | gametes from two species might be unable to fuse to form a zygote | 53 | |
| 7722937622 | microevolution | the change in genetic makeup of a pop. from generation to generation | 54 | |
| 7722945025 | macroevolution | the broad pattern of evolutionary change above the species level, used to define higher taxa | 55 | |
| 7722957784 | biological species concept | defines a species as a group of pops. whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but are unable to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ other groups | 56 | |
| 7722966765 | reproductive isolation | the existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring | 57 | |
| 7724639757 | habitat isolation | 2 species can live in the sam geographic area but not in the same habitat - prevents them from mating because they will not encounter each other | 58 | |
| 7724655937 | behavioral isolation | some species use certain signals or types of behavior to attract mates & these signals are unique to their species - members of other species do not respond to the signals so mating does not occur | 59 | |
| 7724704103 | temporal isolation | species may breed at different times of da, different seasons, or different years, and this can prevent them from mating | 60 | |
| 7724721296 | mechanical isolation | species may be anatomically incompatible | 61 | |
| 7724725410 | gametic isolation | even if the gametes of 2 species do meet, they may be unable to fuse to form a zygote | 62 | |
| 7724751233 | reduced hybrid viability | when a zygote if formed, genetic incompatibility may cause development to cease | 63 | |
| 7724762001 | reduced hybrid fertility | even if the 2 species produce a viable offspring, reproductive isolation is still occurring if the offspring is sterile and can't reproduce | 64 | |
| 7724777699 | hybrid breakdown | sometimes 2 species mate and produce viable, fertile hybrids - however, when the hybrids mate, their offspring are weak or sterile | 65 | |
| 7724792938 | allopatric speciation | a population forms a new species because it's geographically isolated from the parent population - when the population is geographically isolated gene flow is interrupted, resulting in reproductive isolation -geologic events/processes (emergence of a mountain range, formation of a land bridge, evaporation of a large lake that produces several small lakes) can fragment a population resulting in geographic isolation of new populations |  | 66 |
| 7724879633 | sympatric speciation | a small part of the population forms a new species w/o being geographically separated from the parent population -can result from part of the population switching to a new habitat, part of the population switching to a different resource (such as food), or an accident during cell division (extra set of chromosomes - polyploid) |  | 67 |
| 7724909188 | polyploid | an accident during cell division can result in an extra set of chromosomes (polyploid) - they cannot breed w/ diploid member and produce fertile offspring -mechanism that can lead to sympatric speciation -rare in animals but very common in plants | 68 | |
| 7724936043 | adaptive radiation | occurs when many new species arise from a single common ancestor - the new species fill different ecological niches in their communities -catastrophes such as volcanoes, landslides, or mass extinctions open new niches | 69 | |
| 7724959497 | gradualism | proposes that species descended from a common ancestor and gradually diverge more and more in morphology as they acquire unique adaptations | 70 | |
| 7724975574 | punctuated equilibrium | term used to describe periods of parent stasis punctuated by sudden change observed in the fossil record | 71 | |
| 7724991818 | current hypothesis about how life arose on earth | -abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules (amino acids & nitrogenous) -the joining of these small molecules into macromolecules (proteins & nucleic acids) -the packaging of these molecules into protocells whose internal chemistry differed from that of the external environment -the origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible | 72 | |
| 7725034630 | protocells | membrane enclosed droplets | 73 | |
| 7725050105 | when was the earth formed? | about 4.6 billion years ago | 74 | |
| 7725052456 | when did life emerge on earth? | about 3.8 billion years agp | 75 | |
| 7725065354 | Oparin & Haldane | hypothesized that the early atmosphere (thick w/ water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide) provided w/ energy from lightning and UV radiation, could have formed organic compounds (primitive "soup" from which all life arose | 76 | |
| 7725101514 | Miller & Urey | tested Oparin & Haldane's hypothesis and produced a variety of amino acids - Miller/Urey types experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early atmosphere | 77 | |
| 7725292501 | self-replicating RNA | *first genetic material plays a central role in protein synthesis & can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions | 78 | |
| 7725309197 | ribosomes | RNA catalysts | 79 | |
| 7725312605 | fossil record | sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rock that constitute the Earth's surface | 80 | |
| 7725331597 | paleontologists | study the fossil record | 81 | |
| 7725335733 | relative dating | uses the order of rock strata to determine the relative age of fossils -oldest fossils are deposited in the lower strata | 82 | |
| 7725351784 | radiometric dating | uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of the rocks or fossils - based on the rate of decay/half-life of the isotope | 83 | |
| 7725377656 | half-life | time necessary for 50% of the parent isotope to decay | 84 | |
| 7725386452 | prokaryotes | earliest living organisms | 85 | |
| 7725400108 | when did eukaryotes appear? | about 2.1 billion years ago | 86 | |
| 7725404939 | endosymbiotic hypothesis | proposes that mitochondria & plastids (chloroplasts) were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells | 87 | |
| 7725424970 | evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis | -both organelles have enzymes & transport systems homologous to those found in the plasma membranes of living prokaryotes -both replicate by a splitting process similar to prokaryotes -both contain a single, circular DNA molecule, not associated w/ histone proteins -both have their own ribosomes, which can translate their DNA into proteins | 88 | |
| 7725459999 | when did multicellular eukaryotes evolve? | about 1.2 billion years ago | 89 | |
| 7725474677 | when did plants, fungi, and animals begin the appear on Earth (colonization of the land)? | about 500 million years ago | 90 | |
| 7725476763 | continental drift | the movement of Earth's continents on great plates that float on the hot, underlying mantle -example: San Andreas fault (2 plates sliding past each other) -mountains uplift where plates collide -can help explain the disjunct geographic distribution of some species | 91 | |
| 7725504446 | mass extinctions | loss of large #'s of species in a short period of time - have resulted from global environmental changes that have caused the rate of extinction to increase dramatically -can drastically alter a complex ecological community -open niches that a new species can occupy | 92 | |
| 7725527181 | adaptive radiations | periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches -occurred after the 5 major extinctions -can occur after major evolutionary innovations | 93 | |
| 7725548888 | evo-devo | field of study in which evolutionary biology and developmental biology converge - illuminates how slight genetic divergences can be magnified into major morphological differences between species "evo" = evolution "devo" = development | 94 | |
| 7725584703 | exaptations | structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function | 95 | |
| 7726554535 | Heterochrony | evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events. -Ex) decreased rate in leg growth leads to loss of hind limbs in whales | 96 | |
| 7726591451 | Homeotic genes | regulatory genes that determine location and organization of body parts | 97 | |
| 7726596069 | Hox genes | a class of homeotic genes that have a big effect on morphology and therefor potential for evolutionary change. | 98 | |
| 7734506816 | phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species -constructed using evidence from systematics | 99 | |
| 7734526796 | systematics | discipline that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships -tools include: fossils, morphology, genes, & molecular evidence | 100 | |
| 7734562810 | hierarchical classification of organisms | domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species | 101 | |
| 7734646975 | homologous structure | similarities due to shared ancestor Ex: bones of a whale's flipper & a tiger's front limb | 102 | |
| 7726692945 | Molecular systematics | uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships | 103 | |
| 7726699670 | Cladogram | depicts patterns of shared characteristics and forms basis of a phylogenetic tree | 104 | |
| 7726709383 | Clade | Within a phylogenetic tree-- a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | 105 | |
| 7726751311 | point mutation | change in one nucleotide base in a gene, can have significant impact on phenotype. | 106 | |
| 7726760942 | chromosomal mutation | delete, disrupt, duplicate, or rearrange many loci at once. | 107 | |
| 7726771317 | How is most genetic variation in a pop made? | Sexual recombination of alleles that already exist in the population. | 108 | |
| 7741317251 | shared derived characteristics | evolutionary novelties unique to a particular clade, used to construct cladograms | 109 | |
| 7741321875 | shared ancestral characteristics | originated in the ancestor of the taxon | 110 | |
| 7741327474 | molecular clocks | methods used to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of the genome appear to evolve at constant rates | 111 | |
| 7741338276 | three-domain system | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya | 112 |
