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AP Biology: Genetics Flashcards

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9658526640heredityThe transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.0
9658526641traitA genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color.1
9658526642pollinationOccurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma.2
9658526643self-pollinationOccurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the SAME plant.3
9658526644cross-pollinationPollination that occurs between flowers of two plants.4
9658526645true-breedingPure for a trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate.5
9658526646P generationThe true breeding parent generation in Mendel's experiment.6
9658526647F1 generationFirst filial generation; the offspring of the P generation by cross-pollination in Mendel's experiment.7
9658526648F2 generationSecond filial generation; the offspring of the F1 generation by self-pollination in Mendel's experiment.8
9658526649dominantMasks the factor for another trait in a pair of traits; represented by capital letters9
9658526650recessiveThe trait that sometimes has no observable effect on an organism's appearance (represented by lowercase letters)10
9658526651law of segregationStates that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.11
9658526652law of independent assortmentStates that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.12
9658526653alleleEach of two or more alternative forms of a gene.13
9658526654genotypeAn organism's genetic makeup (the alleles are represented by letters)14
9658526655phenotypean organism's physical traits, represented by words/descriptions15
9658526656homozygousWhen both alleles of a pair are alike (e.g. BB and bb)16
9658526657heterozygousWhen the two alleles in a pair are different (e.g. Bb)17
9658526658probabilityThe likelihood that a specific event will occur.18
9658526659monohybrid crossa cross in which only one characteristic is tracked (e.g. only look at eye color); the Punnet square is 2 x 219
9658526660Punnett squarediagram used to aid biologists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring; the parent alleles go on the outside and offspring inside20
9658526661genotypic ratioThe ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring.21
9658526662phenotypic ratioThe ratio of the offspring's phenotypes.22
9658526663testcrossA cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.23
9658526664simple dominanceA relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other.24
9658526665incomplete dominanceneither allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g. when a red and white flower make a pink flower)25
9658526666codominanceWhen both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring.26
9658526667dihybrid crossA cross in which two characteristics are tracked (e.g. eye color and hair color); the Punnet square is 4 by 427
9658526668MendelA monk who studied heredity in garden peas. He used statistics to discover dominant and recessive traits, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.28
9658526669multiple allele traittrait controlled by one gene with more than two alleles29
9658526674sex-linked traitspassed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females30
9658526677pedigreeChart showing one trait being carried over many generations31
9658836464Huntington's diseaseAutosomal dominant- loss of muscle coordination and brain function32
9658865034Tay SachsAutosomal recessive- improperly folded enzyme doesn't break down fat in brain, loss of mental function and death33
9658876373HemophiliaX-linked recessive: can't clot blood properly34
9658878010Red/green colorblindnessX-linked recessive: can't distinguish between red and green35
9658894102Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21Chromosomal disorder- extra chromosome 21- mental retardation and distinctive facial features36
9658910985Klinefleter's syndromeChromosomal disorder- genetic male with an extra X chromosome (XXY). Feminized features, sterile.37

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