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| 12278886088 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule. | 0 | |
| 12278886090 | membrane bound organelles | specialized structures found in eukaryotic cells that allow for compartmentalization and increased efficiency | 1 | |
| 12278886091 | primary structure | linear chain of amino acids connect by peptide bonds | 2 | |
| 12278886094 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | 3 | |
| 12278886095 | secondary structure | Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone | 4 | |
| 12278886096 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | 5 | |
| 12278886097 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty | 6 | |
| 12278886111 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | 7 | |
| 12278886112 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | 8 | |
| 12278886113 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | 9 | |
| 12278886114 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow | 10 | |
| 12278886115 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | 11 | |
| 12278886116 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | 12 | |
| 12278886117 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | 13 | |
| 12278886118 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 14 | |
| 12278886122 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 15 |
| 12278886123 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 16 |
| 12278886124 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 17 |
| 12278886125 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | 18 | |
| 12278886126 | Sexual Dismorphism | -difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species | 19 | |
| 12278886133 | Reproductive Isolation | -existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring | 20 | |
| 12278886135 | Prezygotic Barriers | -block fertilization from occuring | 21 | |
| 12278886136 | Postzygotic Barriers | -contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed | 22 | |
| 12278886137 | Prezygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG | 23 | |
| 12278886139 | Allopatric Speciation + Evidence | -gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama | 24 | |
| 12278886140 | Sympatric Speciation | -speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area | 25 | |
| 12278886149 | Endosymbiosis | A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. | 26 | |
| 12293651038 | Ribosomes | produces proteins like enzymes | 27 | |
| 12293694267 | plasma membrane | location of cell respiration in prokaryotic organisms | 28 | |
| 12293712381 | saturated fatty acid | monomer of lipids; a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized | 29 | |
| 12293732678 | surface area to volume ratio | a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells. | 30 | |
| 12293739356 | active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 31 | |
| 12293744875 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 32 | |
| 12293749110 | Calvin Cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into G3P using ATP & NADPH | 33 | |
| 12293754430 | Krebs cycle | second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions | 34 | |
| 12293764488 | denatured proteins | polypeptide whose structures' shapes are changed by high heat or extreme pH | 35 | |
| 12293779222 | Photosystem II | One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane that releases oxygen | 36 | |
| 12293817604 | Golgi apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell | 37 | |
| 12293835100 | CAM plants | plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis | 38 | |
| 12293835101 | C4 plants | A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. | 39 | |
| 12293844684 | RNA world hypothesis | hypothesis that RNA served as the genetic information of early life | 40 | |
| 12293867009 | Chemiosmosis | A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. | 41 | |
| 12293879767 | NADH and FADH2 | Carries electrons from the citric acid cycle to the ETC | 42 | |
| 12293886456 | Glycolysis | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. | 43 | |
| 12293891422 | unsaturated fatty acid | monomer of lipids that possesses one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. typically liquid at room temperature | 44 | |
| 12293908166 | signal transduction cascade | A set of chemical reactions during cell communication that amplifies the signal | 45 | |
| 12293939015 | Hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes | 46 | |
| 12293942281 | Hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes | 47 | |
| 12293946208 | Photorespiration | A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. | 48 | |
| 12293975584 | 2pq | frequency of heterozygous genotype | 49 | |
| 12293975585 | p2 | frequency of homozygous dominant | 50 | |
| 12293978191 | q2 | frequency of homozygous recessive | 51 |
