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| 14767329086 | Antibodies | Defensive proteins | 0 | |
| 14767329087 | Peptide bonds | Bonds between amino acids in protein; formed between a carboxyl group and an amino group; with the loss of a water molecule |  | 1 |
| 14767329088 | Amino acid | contains NH₂ and COOH groups; proteins are polymers of amino acids |  | 2 |
| 14767329089 | Primary structure | The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein; sequence determined by DNA |  | 3 |
| 14767329090 | Secondary structure | protein structure formed by Hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of nearby amino acids α helix - spiral structure β pleated sheet - folded structure |  | 4 |
| 14767329091 | Tertiary structure | Level of protein structure caused by hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and ionic interactions of the R groups of amino acids |  | 5 |
| 14767329092 | Quaternary structure | Level of protein structure caused by the combination of two or more polypeptide chains, to form a complete unit |  | 6 |
| 14767329093 | Environmental conditions that affect protein structure | high temperature, pH, salt, toxins | 7 | |
| 14767329094 | Denaturation | Loss of activity of an enzyme as a result of structural changes caused by heat, pH, etc. |  | 8 |
| 14767329095 | Catalysts | A chemical substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being consumed in the overall course of the reaction; catalysts lower activation energy of a reaction | 9 | |
| 14767329096 | Activation energy | The energy required for a chemical reaction to occur |  | 10 |
| 14767329097 | Metabolism | Total of all the chemical reactions that occur in a biological system | 11 | |
| 14767329098 | Catabolism | The breakdown of substances; example hydrolysis |  | 12 |
| 14767329099 | Anabolism | The formation of new substances` example dehydration synthesis |  | 13 |
| 14767329100 | Enzymes | Globular proteins that act as catalysts (activators or accelerators) for metabolic reactions Substrate-specific Unchanged as a result of a reaction |  | 14 |
| 14767329101 | Substrate | The substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts; also called reactants |  | 15 |
| 14767329102 | Enzyme-substrate complex (ES) | An intermediate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction; consists of the enzyme bound to its substrate |  | 16 |
| 14767329103 | Active site | The region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs | | 17 |
| 14767329104 | Induced-fit model | Interaction of the reactants (substrate) and the enzyme causes the enzyme to change shape |  | 18 |
| 14767329105 | Two types of activators (co-factors & co-enzymes) | 1) Inorganic co-factors - Often metal ions, like Fe²⁺ and Mg²⁺, that assist enzymes 2) Coenzymes - organic molecules that an enzyme needs to catalyze a reaction |  | 19 |
| 14767329106 | Allosteric regulation | A non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme (the allosteric site), inducing the enzyme to change its shape |  | 20 |
| 14767329107 | Feedback inhibition | An end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction rates |  | 21 |
| 14767329108 | Competitive inhibition | A substance that inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site |  | 22 |
| 14767329109 | Noncompetitive inhibition | A substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site (i.e. the allosteric one) |  | 23 |
| 14767329110 | -ase | common suffix (ending) for enzymes | 24 | |
| 14767329111 | lipase | enzyme that breaks down lipids | 25 | |
| 14767329112 | catalase | enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells forming water and oxygen | 26 | |
| 14767329113 | Enzymes | catalytic proteins regulate the rate of chemical reactions | 27 | |
| 14767329114 | Receptor proteins | receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside the organism | 28 | |
| 14767329115 | Storage proteins | store chemical building blocks | 29 | |
| 14767329116 | Transport proteins | transport materials into and out of the cells | 30 |
