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| 4773860096 | How many natural elements are there? | 92 | 0 | |
| 4773861038 | What are the four main elements that make up 96% of life forms? | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen | 1 | |
| 4773869247 | What element is all life based on? | carbon | 2 | |
| 4773870731 | What elements make up the rest? | potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium (kpsc-king Phillip sings carefully) | 3 | |
| 4773873693 | What are the four trace elements? | iron, magnesium, iodine, sodium. (femgina.... easy to remember by itself) | 4 | |
| 4773878649 | What are the three subatomic particles? | protons (+), electrons (-), and neutrons (neutral) | 5 | |
| 4773882150 | Where are protons and neutrons in an atom? | the nucleus | 6 | |
| 4773883414 | Where are electrons in an atom? | energy levels | 7 | |
| 4773884293 | How much does a proton weigh? | 1 amu/dalton | 8 | |
| 4773884869 | How much does a neutron weigh? | 1 amu/dalton | 9 | |
| 4773884870 | How much does an electron weigh? | 1/2000 amu/dalton | 10 | |
| 4773886015 | What is an isotope? | a form of an atom with a different number of neutrons (same amount of protons and electrons) | 11 | |
| 4773888495 | What are the three isotopes of hydrogen? | protium, deuterium, and tritium | 12 | |
| 4773891104 | How many protons/electrons does protium have? | one proton and one electron | 13 | |
| 4773893775 | How many neutrons does protium have? | zero | 14 | |
| 4773896814 | How many protons/electrons does deuterium have? | one proton and one electron | 15 | |
| 4773897754 | How many neutrons does deuterium have? | one | 16 | |
| 4773898879 | How any protons/electrons does tritium have? | one proton and one electron | 17 | |
| 4773899766 | How many neutrons does tritium have? | two | 18 | |
| 4773937264 | What are the three isotopes of carbon? | C12, C13, C14 | 19 | |
| 4773938337 | How many neutrons does c12 have? (it has 6 protons) | 6 neutrons | 20 | |
| 4773940350 | How many neutrons does c13 have? (it has 6 protons) | 7 neutrons | 21 | |
| 4773941315 | How many neutrons does c14 have? (..it has 6 protons) | 8 neutrons | 22 | |
| 4773941996 | Which isotope of carbon is radioactive? | c14 | 23 | |
| 4773944985 | What is a half life? | how long it takes for an amount of a radioactive element to lose half it's atoms | 24 | |
| 4773946100 | What is the half life of c14? | 5600 years | 25 | |
| 4773947239 | If a fossil is 1/2 as radioactive as you, how old is it? | 5600 years old | 26 | |
| 4773948550 | If a fossil is 1/4 as radioactive as you, how old is it? | 11,200 years old | 27 | |
| 4773951567 | How many electrons are in the first energy level? | 2 electrons | 28 | |
| 4773952150 | How many electrons are in the second energy level? | 8 electrons | 29 | |
| 4773952823 | What is an octet? | when an atom has its outer energy level filled with 8 electrons it is considered an octet. it is stable | 30 | |
| 4777446597 | What is a valence electron? | the electrons in the outermost energy level | 31 | |
| 4777450314 | STUDY THIS CHART | Elmnt., atomic #, valence e, bonds H 1 1 1 N 7 5 2 O 8 6 3 C 6 4 4 | 32 | |
| 4777483121 | When sodium and calcium combine, who loses an electron? | sodium | 33 | |
| 4777483122 | What is an ion? | a charged atom | 34 | |
| 4777483696 | What is a positively charged atom? | cation | 35 | |
| 4777484812 | What is a negatively charged atom | anion | 36 | |
| 4777488793 | What is electronegativity? | an atoms attraction to electrons | 37 | |
| 4777486924 | Which is more electronegative, oxygen or hydrogen? | oxygen | 38 | |
| 4777490595 | What makes a molecule polar? | it is any molecule with an unequal distribution of charge (electrons) | 39 | |
| 4777496815 | What is a good example of a polar molecule? | Water | 40 | |
| 4777496012 | What is cohesion? | Attraction of something to itself | 41 | |
| 4777497407 | What is adhesion? | attraction something has for something else | 42 | |
| 4777501505 | What must a substance be to adhere?(when it comes to water) | hydrophilic | 43 | |
| 4777502610 | What does hydrophilic mean? | likes water | 44 | |
| 4777502611 | What does hydrophobic mean? | doesn't like water CAN'T BE POLAR!!!!!! | 45 | |
| 4777504025 | What is an example of a hydrophobic substance? | oil, fats--nonpolar insoluble | 46 | |
| 4777508361 | What is it called when water rises through the stems in plants? | capillary action (transpirational pull) | 47 | |
| 4777510618 | What does the water rise through? | xylem | 48 | |
| 4783029092 | what must xylem be to transport this water? | hydrophilic | 49 | |
| 4777518283 | Why allows bugs to walk on water? | surface tension (bug coats legs with something hydrophobic | 50 | |
| 4777520599 | Why does water have strong surface tension? | hydrogen bonds! | 51 | |
| 4777521579 | What is specific heat? | the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of something | 52 | |
| 4777522883 | What is the specific heat of water? | 1 cal/g/degree | 53 | |
| 4777526032 | What makes water's specific heat so high? | The hydrogen bond restrains motion in water which makes its specific heat high. Specific heat is largely based on molecular motion, and water has very little. | 54 | |
| 4777532981 | DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND HEAT | temperature->average->thermometer heat->total->calorimeter | 55 | |
| 4777536677 | What is heat of vaporization? | The amount of energy required to evaporate 1 gram of something | 56 | |
| 4777538342 | What is the heat of vaporization for water? | 550 calories per gram | 57 | |
| 4777540392 | Why does water expand when freezing? | hydrogen bonds! | 58 | |
| 4777541659 | At what temperature does water begin to expand? | 4 degrees celsius ..the bottom of the ocean is about 5 or 6 degrees, because once water hits 4 degrees it begins rising... | 59 | |
| 4777545947 | What is the solvent of life? | water | 60 | |
| 4777547203 | What is a mole? | number of grams of something equal to that something's molecular weight | 61 | |
| 4777550061 | How much is a mole? | 6.02x10^23 or....a buttload | 62 | |
| 4777552304 | Total weight of a molecule? | The atomic weight of each element added up. For example, the molecular weight of H2O is 18 amu. | 63 | |
| 4777566388 | NOTE | the molecular weight of something equals 1 mole ex: one mole of water is 18 amu | 64 | |
| 4777559050 | Does snow heat or cool the atmosphere? | It heats it | 65 | |
| 4777562812 | What does Mr. Ford call a "bare naked proton"? | hydrogen after dissociation | 66 | |
| 4777573044 | What happens when a water molecule dissociates? | Hydrogen and hydroxide ions are created | 67 | |
| 4777573674 | memorize this chart | acids H+ pH below 7 oranges bases OH- pH above 7 grapes | 68 | |
| 4777577412 | What are buffers? | molecules that reduce fluctuation in pH | 69 | |
| 4777579261 | What are examples of buffers? | bicarbonate and carbonic acid | 70 | |
| 4777584286 | What is the formula for bicarbonate? | HCO3 | 71 | |
| 4777585076 | What is the formula for carbonic acid? | H2CO3 | 72 | |
| 4777586609 | Is bicarbonate an acceptor or donator of hydrogen ions? | acceptor | 73 | |
| 4777588096 | Is carbonic acid an acceptor of donator of hydrogen ions? | donator | 74 | |
| 4777590006 | What is oxygen depletion? | When suffocation occurs or someone has a weak heart, there is a loss of oxygen which makes you acid-like (pH falls). There is too much CO2, so that combines with H2P and makes carbonic acid. People go to the hospital and are healed with "grapes" (bicarbonate) | 75 | |
| 4777597236 | What is vitalism? | The belief that the organic compounds in us were made by a life force inside of us (not true) | 76 | |
| 4777601543 | What are hydrocarbons? | organic compounds consisting of only hydrogen and carbon | 77 | |
| 4777602594 | What are examples of hydrocarbons? | butane gas, methane, and gasoline | 78 | |
| 4777604024 | What is the chemical formula of butane? | C4H10 |  | 79 |
| 4777622195 | What is the chemical formula for gasoline? | C8H18 |  | 80 |
| 4777626211 | What is the chemical formula for methane? | CH4 |  | 81 |
| 4777632406 | However, most fuels we get are refined. | They are found contaminate with nitrogen, oxygen, iron, calcium, sulfur, etc. | 82 | |
| 4777633625 | What is an isomer? | molecules with the same formula, different shape | 83 | |
| 4777636718 | Example of an isomer: | butane and isobutane |  | 84 |
| 4777640672 | What are functional groups? | atoms, other than carbon or hydrogen, commonly attached to carbon atoms. | 85 | |
| 4777660661 | What are the first three functional groups? | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl | 86 | |
| 4777643581 | What is different about a hydroxyl? | It has a hydroxide ion attached. it is an alcohol | 87 | |
| 4777647061 | What are three examples of hydroxyls? | methyl alcohol (methanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol), glycerol | 88 | |
| 4777651096 | What does a methanol molecule look like? |  | 89 | |
| 4777653197 | What does an ethanol molecule look like? |  | 90 | |
| 4777656915 | What does a glycerol molecule look like? |  | 91 | |
| 4777659535 | What makes something a carbonyl? | It has a double bonded oxygen and a hydrogen | 92 | |
| 4777666897 | What are some examples of carbonyl? | Glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose | 93 | |
| 4777670879 | What does a glucose molecule look like? | best pic i could get |  | 94 |
| 4777675956 | What does a glyceraldehyde molecule look like? | this doesn't even look right... |  | 95 |
| 4777680264 | A TRIOSE IS A 3 C SUGAR (glyceraldehyde-in left pic. this slide has better pics) |  | 96 | |
| 4777684373 | What is fructose? | An isomer of glucose | 97 | |
| 4777687429 | What does a fructose molecule look like? |  | 98 | |
| 4777690096 | What is on a carboxyl group? | it has a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxide | 99 | |
| 4777696302 | What are some examples of carboxyls? | acedic acid, fatty acids, formic acid | 100 | |
| 4777698060 | What does acedic acid look like? | nothin | 101 | |
| 4777705347 | What do fatty acids look like? |  | 102 | |
| 4777707472 | What does formic acid look like? ANT STINGS! |  | 103 | |
| 4777710868 | What else is special about carboxyls? | They have double electronegativity. The 2 oxygens cause this due to the greediness for hydrogen protons. This causes dissociation because the hydrogen are tired of losing their protons. | 104 | |
| 4781425671 | What are the next three functional groups we learned? | amino, sulfhydral, phosphate | 105 | |
| 4781428002 | What is part of an amino group? | A nitrogen (with two more hydrogen attached to it) | 106 | |
| 4781431726 | What is an example of a molecule with an amino group? | urea |  | 107 |
| 4781509072 | What is an amino acid? | any organic compound with an amino group and a carboxyl (=O, -OH, -N) | 108 | |
| 4782459962 | EXAMPLE |  | 109 | |
| 4782462417 | What is special about amino acids? | it can act as a base or an acid due to the carboxyl and the amino groups added onto it. It often dissociates | 110 | |
| 4782466921 | What is a sulfhydral group? | sulfur and hydrogen | 111 | |
| 4782468460 | What is the sulfhydral's main function? | It helps proteins fold by making DISULFIDE BRIDGES | 112 | |
| 4782473556 | What is the makeup of a phosphate group? | A phosphorus and 4 oxygens. | 113 | |
| 4782475443 | What does a phosphate group look like? |  | 114 | |
| 4782477305 | What do we think of when we think of phosphate groups? | ATP! it has 3 phosphate groups | 115 | |
| 4782479498 | What is a Calorie? | kilocalorie. used in food | 116 | |
| 4782481771 | What functional group is organic acids? | carboxyl | 117 | |
| 4782484523 | What groups are associated with carbohydrates? | hydroxyl and carbonyl | 118 | |
| 4782486086 | What does water dissociate into? | hydrogen and hydroxide | 119 | |
| 4782487874 | What is organic chemistry centered around? | Carbon compounds | 120 | |
| 4782489157 | What does a formic acid look like? |  | 121 | |
| 4782880867 | does bicarbonate bring the pH up or down? | up | 122 | |
| 4782881130 | does carbonic acid bring the pH up or down? | down | 123 |
