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| 4850011183 | abiotic | non-living | 0 | |
| 4850016766 | biomass | dry weight of an organism | 1 | |
| 4850024591 | protobiont | first life form | 2 | |
| 4850026220 | enzymes | biological catalyst for chemical reactions | 3 | |
| 4850041814 | cytology | the study of cells | 4 | |
| 4850044077 | cytologist | a person who works with cells | 5 | |
| 4850048034 | Prokaryotic Cells | bacterial organisms that evolved before a nucleus had evolved into existence | 6 | |
| 4850061465 | The oldest prokaryotic fossils are found on..... | stromatalites | 7 | |
| 4850075522 | Eukaryotic cells | organisms that contain a nucleus | 8 | |
| 4850148322 | single subunit "Building Blocks" | monomers |  | 9 |
| 4852798914 | Monomers are linked together by... | Covalent Bonds | 10 | |
| 4850150704 | chains of subunits | polymers |  | 11 |
| 4850157965 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | double-strand helix found in nucleus of cells that contains hereditary material of living organisms | 12 | |
| 4850185601 | atom | the smallest unit of matter that has chemical properties because of it having all the subatomic parts | 13 | |
| 4850213892 | proton | subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that contain a positive charge; # of protons never change | 14 | |
| 4850227765 | neutron | subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that carry no charge; # of neutrons can change | 15 | |
| 4850235057 | electrons | subatomic particles located in the electron cloud around the nucleus and have a negative charge; # of electrons can change | 16 | |
| 4850289596 | Kinetic energy | energy of movement; Ex. electrons moving freely | 17 | |
| 4850299803 | Potential energy | energy of position; Ex. electrons locked in a chemical bond | 18 | |
| 4850326612 | Molecules | 2 or more atoms bonded together | 19 | |
| 4850338820 | E-levels/ E-shells | where the electrons are located within an atom or molecule | 20 | |
| 4850350584 | Adding energy to electrons.... | makes them move farther out | 21 | |
| 4850356557 | Losing energy from electrons..... | makes them move inward | 22 | |
| 4850359803 | Valence shell | where the outer most electrons are located on an atom |  | 23 |
| 4850366061 | Valence e | Refers to the outer most electrons; most important for chemical bonds and the chemical properties of an element or molecule |  | 24 |
| 4850384351 | Valence | Refers to the bonding capacity of an atom; depends on # of valence electrons | 25 | |
| 4850458152 | Chemical Bonds | attempts to fill the outer most shell to become more stable molecules; 3 types are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds | 26 | |
| 4850530934 | Covalent Bonds | 1. The sharing electrons between elements or molecules to fill both outer shells 2. Always creates a molecule(2 or more atoms together of any kind) 3. Strongest type of chemical bond |  | 27 |
| 4850567968 | Polar molecules | Carry an electrical charge at opposite poles |  | 28 |
| 4850594535 | Nonpolar molecules | Carry no electrical charge |  | 29 |
| 4850606571 | Electronegativity | The element's or molecule's desire to acquire or release electrons 1. Oxygen: Most electronegative biological element (wants to aquire e-) 2. Hydrogen: Least electronegative biological element (wants to release e-) | 30 | |
| 4850606572 | Structural Formula | Used to show the shape of the molecule | 31 | |
| 4850597631 | Molecular Formula (Chemical Formula) | Used to tell the elements, and number of atoms of each, that make up a molecule | 32 | |
| 4850602355 | Ionic Bonds | 1. Bonds created by donating or accepting electrons so each element can fill it's outer most shell a. DO NOT SHARE ELECTRONS 2. Fairly strong bonds while dry; Weak in water so they dissolve into ions 3. When dissolved in water, ions are created | 33 | |
| 4850698314 | Ions | charged particles | 34 | |
| 4855752106 | Ions love... | H20 | 35 | |
| 4850707486 | Cations | Possess a positive charge because it has more protons than neutrons | 36 | |
| 4850710836 | Anions | Possess a negative charge because it has more electrons than protons | 37 | |
| 4850737937 | Ionic Compounds | A cation bonded to an anion to make a salt when dry | 38 | |
| 4850746021 | Hydrogen Bonds | 1. Bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, usually oxygen or nitrogen 2. Fairly weak bonds 3. Most important biological bonds |  | 39 |
| 4850794930 | Van der Waals Interactions | 1. Temporary Bonds - usually a fraction of a second 2. Created when electrons clump on one side of an atom making that side temporarily negative and the other side positive resulting in charged particles that can attach momentarily and then they unclump causing the interaction to disappear from the loss of charge by constanty moving electrons | 40 | |
| 4850838608 | How to read a periodic table |  | 41 | |
| 4850888828 | Water Cycle |  | 42 | |
| 4850912039 | Water's Polarity | 1. H20's polarity allows for it to make HYDROGEN bonds easily which helps with.... a. nutrient transport b. conducts electricity well c. allows for a single water molecule to bind to 4 other H20 molecules at a time | 43 | |
| 4851003055 | How is does H20 and Hydrogen bonding work? | 1. 2 negative electrons from Hydrogen "clump" around the oxygen atom as a result of the covalent bonding between HYDROGEN and OXYGEN 2. Therefore, the OXYGEN molecule has more electrons than normal and thus a negative charge and the HYDROGEN end just has a single positive proton 3. Thus, one negative side and one positive side | 44 | |
| 4850913617 | Water's 4 Properties | 1. Adhesion 2. Cohesion 3. Temperature Regulation 4. Evaporative Cooling | 45 | |
| 4850919820 | Cohesion | 1. Refers to water molecules binding to other water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! |  | 46 |
| 4850921641 | Cohesion-Tension Principle | Describes how water moves upward in plants xylem tissues by making water chains | 47 | |
| 4850923091 | Adhesion | 1. Refers to water molecules binding to something other than water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! | | 48 |
| 4850931079 | Evaporative Cooling | 1. Effect for plants and animals a. If heat energy is put into water, the water evaporates and carries the heat energy away from the body leaving a cooling organism as the energy leaves. | 49 | |
| 4850952024 | Temperature Regulation | 1. In organisms and on earth, water keeps temperature stable a. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! b. Lots of energy needed to break all 4 hydrogen bonds at once & turn liquid water to a gas<--- IMPORTANT EFFECT 2. Example: a. Ice cubes & hot drinks: The hot drink molecules lose energy as they try to warm the frozen water molecules resulting in a cool drink | 50 | |
| 4851174021 | Humidity | water vapor in the air | 51 | |
| 4851437317 | Solvent | Liquid that is doing the dissolving of another substance Ex. Water |  | 52 |
| 4851442596 | Solute | Substance being dissolved in the solvent Ex. Salt in Water |  | 53 |
| 4851459639 | Solution | Substance possessing equal distribution of material Ex. Koolaid Tea |  | 54 |
| 4851471437 | Suspension | Temporary suspension of material Ex. Blood Italian dressing. herbs in a bottle | 55 | |
| 4851481506 | Colloid | Extended temporary suspension of material Ex. Milk | 56 | |
| 4851492157 | Hydrogen bonds make..... | Solvents, solute, solution, suspension, and colloid possible | 57 | |
| 4851501875 | Hydration shell | Water surrounding a molecule; substance is dissolved and "disappears" | 58 | |
| 4851520059 | Water can't grab hold and dissolve.... | Oils, grease, and fat since they are nonpolar | 59 | |
| 4851527324 | Hydrophobic | Water fearing; water can't attach to the substance because the substance is non-polar | 60 | |
| 4851654541 | Hydrophilic | Water loving; water can attach to the substance because the substance is polar | 61 | |
| 4851664551 | Mole | The measurement of molecules that is relative to its molecular weight | 62 | |
| 4851667430 | Avogradro's # | 6.02 x 10^23 # of molecules of that particular substance present in 1 mole | 63 | |
| 4851690320 | 1 mole is equal to... | Using the Periodic Table, find the molecular weight of a molecule and then weigh out that many grams of the substance | 64 | |
| 4851721684 | Molarity | Term for telling how many moles of a substance are dissolved in a solution (Usually H2O) | 65 | |
| 4851740077 | Dissociation | The breaking apart of water into H+(Proton) and an OH-(hydroxide ion) | 66 | |
| 4851774595 | pH Scale | Meausures how acidic or basic a substance is 1. Goes from 0 to 14 2. 7 is neutral |  | 67 |
| 4851759343 | Acid | 1. A substance that gives away H+ 2. On the pH any substance <7 | 68 | |
| 4851759344 | Base | 1. A substance that gives away OH- 2. On the pH any substance >7 | 69 | |
| 4851824168 | Buffer | A substance that can resist changes in pH or pOH a. It can take on or give off a H+ or OH- to maintain the pH or pOH concentration | 70 | |
| 4851844870 | Ex. of a Buffer | Human Blood; buffer is bicarbonate( HCO3-) 1. Bicarbonate helps keep blood at a pH of 7.4 ideally 2. Needed because of the food, drink, air, or other substances we put in our bodies 3. pH of blood affects oxygen's ability to adhere to red blood cells | 71 | |
| 4851867409 | Acidosis | Deadly condition where blood pH is below 7.2 | 72 | |
| 4851883651 | Alkalosis | Deadly condition where blood pH is above 7.6 | 73 | |
| 4851887389 | "sis" | the condition of being | 74 | |
| 4851898263 | Acid Prepitation | Refers to rain, snow, sleet, ice, or fog with a low pH ( less than 5.6) | 75 | |
| 4851939878 | Leaching | Refers to the rain pushing nutrients away from plant roots to deeper in the soil resulting in the plant to starve and the rain burns the plants leaves | 76 | |
| 4851970636 | Biomass | An organism's dry weight | 77 | |
| 4852284584 | Organic chemistry | Branch of science dealing with the element carbon and its many properties | 78 | |
| 4852398910 | About 30% of an organism's biomass is... | Carbon in organic molecules | 79 | |
| 4852417677 | The original source for Carbon in all life forms is... | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Photosynthesis | 80 | |
| 4852424684 | Plants emit both... | Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 81 | |
| 4852447231 | Stanley Miller Experiment | - In 1953, he took inorganic substances found in Earth's early atmosphere (H2O vapor, H2, NH3, & CH4) and created organic amino acids and oils 1. There are 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins in living organisms 2. Early Earth? (He anaylzed volcanic gases to determine what the air must have been like) 3. Energy source to power the chemical reactions? (Electricity replaces lightning) | 82 | |
| 4852500294 | Carbon has versatility in 4 directions b/c of... | Tetravalence which allows carbon to act like an intersection in the building of an organic molecule; this allows cells to build an almost infinite # of different molecules | 83 | |
| 4852556049 | Covalent Bonding Capabilities of Carbon include.... | Single Bond, Double Bond, & Triple Bond | 84 | |
| 4852562634 | Hydrocarbons | Molecules including mostly Carbon and Hydrogen a. Energy sources (Fossil fuels & Oils) -The more hydrogen atoms, the more energy b. Important parts in cell membranes -Ex. Tails of phospholipids c. Extremely hydrophobic due to being nonpolar | 85 | |
| 4852594684 | The Functional Groups Associated w/ Organic Molecules | the sites of most organic molecules chemical reactions or properties | 86 | |
| 4852611306 | The 6 Functional Groups | Hydroxyls, Carbonyls, Carboxyls, Amine, Sulfhydryls, Phosphate | 87 | |
| 4852624782 | Hydroxyl | (-OH) Allows molecules to act as an alcohol or polar molecule | 88 | |
| 4852629158 | Carbonyl | -Only has one double bonded oxygen -Aldehydes & Ketones | 89 | |
| 4852630811 | Carboxyl | -Has 2 oxygens (one double bonded & one singled bonded) -These molecules can act as an acid by losing a Hydrogen atom and can also possibly polar too | 90 | |
| 4852630812 | Amine | -Contains Nitrogen -Can act as bases by picking up free H+ | 91 | |
| 4852632967 | Sulfhydryl | -Contains Sulfur -Sulfur can make Di-Sulfide bridges for "pockets" in protein formation | 92 | |
| 4852632968 | Phosphate | (PO43-) molecules are usually involved in energy transfer; can also act as an anion | 93 | |
| 4852707076 | Chloroflourocarbon | -nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine -used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants -harmful to ozone layer and release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation | 94 | |
| 4852728642 | Life is only possible b/c of.... | CARBON | 95 | |
| 4852741982 | Lewis Dot Structure | -need 8 electrons in the outer shell (octet rule) -atoms that complete their octet will be "happy" | 96 | |
| 4852752446 | The Key to Life | Making and breaking bonds | 97 | |
| 4852782053 | Macromolecules | large molecules | 98 | |
| 4852784344 | Macromolecules are formed by... | dehydration & condensation reactions | 99 | |
| 4855762435 | What helps make the organic molecules? | CARBON | 100 | |
| 4855864695 | What are the ingredients for life and the essentials for energy storage called? | Biological Molecules | 101 | |
| 4855879042 | Carbohydrates | Sugars | 102 | |
| 4855888803 | Monosaccharides | Monomers of carbohydrates | 103 | |
| 4855894548 | Polysaccharides | Polymers of carbohydrates | 104 | |
| 4855898151 | Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides | 105 | |
| 4855912918 | Examples of Carbohydrates | Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose | 106 | |
| 4855917661 | Primary short term energy sources for cells | Carbohydrates | 107 | |
| 4855921284 | Starch | Energy storage in plants | 108 | |
| 4855927803 | Glycogen | Energy storage in animals | 109 | |
| 4855930063 | Cellulose | 1. Structural component of cell plant walls 2. Most abundant organic compound on Earth | 110 | |
| 4855949987 | Chitin | Found in exoskeleton of insects and some animals and some Fungi cell walls | 111 | |
| 4855960421 | Lipids | Macromolecules that are fats, oils, waxes, and steriods | 112 | |
| 4855974809 | Most lipids are.... | Hydrophobic | 113 | |
| 4855979608 | Lipids are mainly composed of... | Hydrocarbons | 114 |
