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| 12245562895 | DNA Replication | process of copying DNA |  | 0 |
| 12245564214 | Transformation | A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. |  | 1 |
| 12352501014 | Hershey and Chase | DNA is the genetic material, not protein; blender experiment. |  | 2 |
| 12352513158 | T.H. Morgan | genes are on chromosomes(fruit flies); tested whether genes are protein or DNA | 3 | |
| 12352558906 | Transforming Factor | The DNA responsible for bacterial transformation. | 4 | |
| 12352577924 | Rosalind Franklin | Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA. | 5 | |
| 12352582569 | Watson and Crick | Developed the double helix model of DNA. | 6 | |
| 12352586444 | Melson and Stahl | Supported models of DNA. (Semi conservative replication) |  | 7 |
| 12352622845 | Semi Conservative Replication | in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new |  | 8 |
| 12352631024 | Why does adenine bond with thymine? | Adenine, a purine, and thymine, a pyrimidine, bond with each other because they both have two hydrogen bonds | 9 | |
| 12352634114 | Why does guanine bond with cytosine? | Guanine, a purine, bonds with cytosine, a pyrimidine, because they both have three hydrogen bonds | 10 | |
| 12352636221 | Purines | Adenine and Guanine |  | 11 |
| 12352652231 | Pyrimidines | Cytosine and Thymine | | 12 |
| 12352696569 | how is bacterial DNA replication accomplished? | Replisome (helicase, topoisomerases and DNA polymerase III) directs bidirectional DNA replication from a single origin of replication. |  | 13 |
| 12352745395 | Prokaryotes | No nucleus | 14 | |
| 12352747343 | Eukaryotes | contain nuclei | 15 | |
| 12352751613 | DNA polymerase | Enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |  | 16 |
| 12352779134 | DNA is antiparallel | strands run in opposite direction and replication is semiconservative- each strand acts as a parent strand for the new molecules |  | 17 |
| 12352804319 | Leading Strand | synthesized continuously | 18 | |
| 12352806537 | Lagging Strand | The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments |  | 19 |
| 12352811607 | Okazaki fragments | Small fragments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase. |  | 20 |
| 12352832888 | DNA Ligase | enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together | 21 | |
| 12352835925 | Primer | a short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication | | 22 |
| 12352852448 | Helicase | unwinds DNA | 23 | |
| 12352855215 | Single Stranded Binding Protein | Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template. | 24 | |
| 12352916892 | Topiosomerase | snips away pieces to loosen DNA strands to release tension | 25 | |
| 12352919462 | Primase | synthesizes RNA primer | 26 | |
| 12352925949 | DNA polymerase III | - used by prokaryotes - can synthesize a new strand of DNA - read template DNA 3'to5' - synthesize new strand 5'to3' | 27 | |
| 12352939952 | DNA Polymerase I | removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA | 28 | |
| 12353031427 | Telomeres | the ends of chromosomes; their length decreases with each cell duplication. | 29 | |
| 12353038765 | Telomerase | catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells |  | 30 |
| 12353044528 | Nuclease | DNA cutting enzyme | 31 | |
| 12353048263 | Mismatch Repair | repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing | 32 | |
| 12353160888 | Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) | symptoms of an inherited disease that lead to an inability to produce a certain enzyme. | 33 | |
| 12353193342 | Bacteria Cell | Lacks nucleus, RNA produced by transcription | 34 | |
| 12353220561 | Eukaryotic Cells | The cell provides separate area for transcription. | 35 | |
| 12353229941 | Transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template |  | 36 |
| 12353233222 | Translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced | | 37 |
| 12353236302 | Replication | Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA | | 38 |
| 12353266703 | Beadle and Tatum | one gene dictates the mutations of one enzyme | 39 | |
| 12353343621 | Template Strand | the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule | 40 | |
| 12353363371 | Codon | In mRNA, a nucleotide base triplet that codes for an amino acid or stop signal during translation | 41 | |
| 12353366914 | Anticodon | a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule | 42 | |
| 12353445510 | Nirenberg | determined the first match: UUU coded for the amino acid phenylalanine. | 43 | |
| 12353448590 | Reading Frame | Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. | 44 | |
| 12353454761 | Prokaryotic Promoter | establishes where RNA synthesis is initiated. |  | 45 |
| 12353458371 | Prokaryotic Termination | Sequence of Nucleotide, marks end of gene, signals to release newly made RNA from DNA |  | 46 |
| 12353505425 | Prokaryotic Termination of Transcription | Proceeds through a termination sequence | | 47 |
| 12353559539 | Eukaryotic Termination of Transcription | Pre mRNA is cleaved from growing RNA chains while polymerase II continues. |  | 48 |
| 12353689031 | Why is RNA processing necessary? | RNA processing is necessary to protect message and attach to ribosome | 49 | |
| 12353686446 | What does adding a 5' cap and poly A tail mean ? | They fluctuate export of mRNA from nucleus and protect mRNA from degeneration | 50 | |
| 12353707831 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | 51 | |
| 12353711097 | tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome | 52 | |
| 12353714248 | RNA splicing | removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence | 53 | |
| 12353722282 | Introns | Noncoding segments of nucleic acid. | 54 | |
| 12353726843 | Exons | coding segments of DNA | 55 | |
| 12353732681 | Splicesome | 1) assembled from snRNPs (snurps) and protein complexes 2) enzyme that carries out RNA splicing; | 3) removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA (splicing) | 56 | |
| 12353754302 | snRPS | short nucleic segments at the end of the intros that signal where it will splice. | 57 | |
| 12353837044 | Ribozymes | catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA | 58 | |
| 12353841733 | UTR | untranslated region | 59 | |
| 12353848248 | Alternative RNA splicing | Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing | 60 | |
| 12353858339 | Domains | Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins. | 61 | |
| 12353959735 | animoacyl-tRNA synthetase | Joins the correct amino acids and prevents mutations. | 62 | |
| 12353986616 | What is a Wobble | Wobble explains why the synonymous codons for a given amino acid can differ in their third base, but usually not in their other bases | 63 | |
| 12354063425 | polyribosomes | Strings of ribosomes that work together to translate a RNA message. | 64 | |
| 12354067491 | Signal Peptide | A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell. | 65 | |
| 12354073622 | Mutation | A change in a gene or chromosome. | 66 | |
| 12354075742 | Point Mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed | 67 | |
| 12354078347 | Base-Pair Substitution | type of mutation in which a single base pair changes | 68 | |
| 12354082528 | Missense | a mutation that changes one amino acid | 69 | |
| 12354084526 | Nonsense | codon changed to a stop codon | 70 | |
| 12354089841 | Insertions | additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene | 71 | |
| 12354089842 | Deletion | removals of nucleotide pairs in a gene | 72 | |
| 12354099015 | Frame-shift Mutation | a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides | 73 | |
| 12354102695 | Mutagen | A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. | 74 | |
| 12354137306 | A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell. |  | 75 |
