Terms : Hide Images
| 8555326 | Hunting and gathering | means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organizations. | 0 | |
| 8555327 | Civilization | societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups. | 1 | |
| 8555328 | Paleolithic | the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 2 | |
| 8555329 | Neolithic | the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C. E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 3 | |
| 8555330 | Nomads | cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. | 4 | |
| 8555331 | "Savages" | societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic societies. | 5 | |
| 8555332 | Culture | combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. | 6 | |
| 8555333 | Homo sapiens | the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of Paleolithic. | 7 | |
| 8555334 | Neanderthals | species of genus homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic. | 8 | |
| 8555335 | Band | a level of social organization normally consisting of between 20 and 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. | 9 | |
| 8555336 | Agrarian revolution | occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. | 10 | |
| 8555337 | Natufian complex | pre-agricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced collection of wild barley and wheat to supplement game; large settlement sites. | 11 | |
| 8555338 | Matrilocal | a culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the bride's family. | 12 | |
| 8555339 | Matrilineal | family descent and inheritance traced through the female line. | 13 | |
| 8555340 | Pastoralism | a nomadic agricultural life-style based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies. | 14 | |
| 8555341 | Mesopotamia | literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys. | 15 | |
| 8555342 | Potter's wheel | a technological advance in pottery making; invented ca. 6000 B.C.E; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery product. | 16 | |
| 8555343 | Sumerians | people who migrated into Mesopotamia ca. 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 17 | |
| 8555344 | Cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 18 | |
| 8555345 | City-State | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban- based king. | 19 | |
| 8555346 | Yahweh | the single god of the Hebrews; constructed a covenant with Jews as his chosen people. | 20 | |
| 8555347 | Monotheism | the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization. | 21 | |
| 8555348 | Epic of Gilgamesh | the first literary epic; written down ca. 2000 B.C.E.; introduced story of the Great Flood. | 22 | |
| 8555349 | Ziggurats | massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections. | 23 | |
| 8555350 | Animism | a religious outlook that recognizes gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions. | 24 | |
| 8555351 | Sargon I of Akkad | ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization ca. 2400 B.C.E. | 25 | |
| 8555352 | Babylonian Empire | unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E. | 26 | |
| 8555353 | Hammurabi | the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law. | 27 | |
| 8555354 | Aknenaton | Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish monotheistic religion replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon gods. | 28 | |
| 8555355 | Pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 29 | |
| 8555356 | Mummification | act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife. | 30 | |
| 8555357 | Hieroglyphs | form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more practical than Mesopotamian cuneiform. | 31 | |
| 8555358 | Patriarcal | societies in which women defer to men; societies run by men and based upon the assumption that mean naturally directed political, economic, and cultural life. | 32 | |
| 8555359 | Kush | African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile ca. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 33 | |
| 8555360 | Minoans | a civilization that developed on Crete ca. 1600 B.C.E.; capital at the palace complex of Knossos. | 34 | |
| 8555361 | Mycenae | the 1st civilization to emerge on the Greek mainland; destroyed ca. 1000 B.C.E. | 35 | |
| 8555362 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 36 | |
| 8555363 | Hittites | an Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia ca. 1750 B.C.E; destroyed the Babylonian Empire; swept away ca. 1200 B.C.E. | 37 | |
| 8555364 | Huanghe or Yellow river basin | site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China. | 38 | |
| 8555365 | Mesoamerica | Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in western hemisphere. | 39 | |
| 8555366 | Jericho | early walled urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israel-occupied West Bank near Jordan River. | 40 | |
| 8555367 | Catal Huyuk | early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. | 41 | |
| 8555368 | Bronze Age | from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of the wheeled vehicles, writing. | 42 |
