Concept List by Country
Terms : Hide Images
| 199067376 | Autonomous republic | a territorial unit in the Soviet Union that was a member of the USSR They were populated by a large national (ethnic) of which it drew its name. They enjoyed little actual autonomy in the Soviet period. Upon the fall of the USSR, these republics became sovereign states within the Russian Federation. | |
| 199067377 | nomenklatura | The selection process for the chosen few who command the communist bureaucracy within communist party circles in Russia and China. | |
| 199067378 | Collectivization | Stalin in the late 1920s and early 1930s and in China under Mao in the 1950s, took over privatized agricultural land and turned them into State Owned Enterprises (SOE's). | |
| 199067379 | Okrug | one of ten territorial units of the Russian Federation that are defined by the constitution of 1993 to be among the eighty-nine members of the federation with a status equal to that of the republics, oblasts and krai. | |
| 199067380 | Command economy | a strict form of socialism where governmental decisions dominate the economy with a myriad of central planning institutions. | |
| 199067381 | Democratic centralism | An organized state designed by Lenin to control all aspects of the political system. Discipline and adherence to party dogma is "central" to running the state organization . | |
| 199067382 | demokratizatsia | the policy of democratization led by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. It was as an essential part of perestroika. The dictatorship of the elite was left behind in what eventually evolved into a multiparty state. | |
| 199067383 | Federal system (state) | A distribution of power between national and state governments, usually outlined in a formal document. | |
| 199067384 | glasnost: | Gorbachev's policy of "openness" or "publicity" which mirrored Deng's Democracy Movement of 1981. | |
| 199067385 | Krai: | one of six territorial units in the Russian Federation that lies in vastly unpopulated areas. . Its political status equals the Oblasts (non Russian territories) and became a member of the 89 member federation. | |
| 199067386 | rule of law | a state where the law prevails without party interference; a fundamental principle of Gorbachev's revolution. | |
| 199067387 | Market Reform | A move toward a capitalistic society in a democracy like Russia or a "market" initiative in a country like China, where a central party still dictates movement within the economy. | |
| 199067388 | Marxism-Leninism | Marxism promotes the class struggle between workers and owners. Proletariat versus the bourgeoisies. `Lenin added the ingredients to how a central party would become a dictatorship of the elite and move the Marxist society along as a first step on the road to communism. | |
| 199067389 | Oligarchs | Russian Captains of Industry who wield tremendous economic power but politically have been cut off from political power by Vladimir Putin. Most seized power during the Shock therapy session of Yeltsin in the 1990.s | |
| 199067390 | Perestroika | a decentralization of economic decision making that also encouraged a lessening of tensions with other adversarial nations including the United States. | |
| 199067391 | Privatization voucher: | a certificate worth 10,000 rubles issued by the government to each Russian citizen in 1992 to be used to purchase shares in state enterprises undergoing the process of privatization. Vouchers could also be sold for cast or disposed of through newly created investment funds. | |
| 199067392 | Proletariat | the industrial working class, under Marxist's communist state. | |
| 199067393 | Proportional representation (PR) | is determined by party lists according to voting results | |
| 199067394 | Shock therapy | the state simultaneously imposing a wide range of radical economic changes, with the purpose of "shocking" the economy into a new mode of operation. Russia attempted this in the early 1990s and led to massive inflation and a ruble crisis. | |
| 199067395 | Spontaneous privatization | a process that occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Russia which existing managers or ministry bureaucrats transformed promising state-owned enterprises into privatized entities in their own hands, without the existence of a clear legal framework for doing so. | |
| 199067396 | Statist | the state takes control of all economic and social policy within a country. |
