Terms : Hide Images
| 78642546 | Abstract Language | Language expressing a quality apart from a specific object or event | |
| 78642547 | Ad hominem | "Against the man"; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue | |
| 78642548 | Ad populum | "To the people"; playing on the prejudices of the audience | |
| 78642549 | Analogy | A comparison in which a thing is referred to be similar to another thing in a certain way because it is similar to the thing in other ways | |
| 78642550 | Appeal to tradition | a proposal that something should continue becuase it has traditionally existed or been done that way | |
| 78642551 | Argument | a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views may be held; also, a statement or statements providing support for a claim | |
| 78642552 | Audience | those who will hear an argument; more generally, those to whom a communication is addressed | |
| 78642553 | Authoritative warrant | a warrant based on the credibility or trustworthiness of the source | |
| 78642554 | Authority | a respectable, reliable source of evidence | |
| 78642555 | Backing | the assurances upon which a warrant or assumption can be based | |
| 78642556 | Begging the question | making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued had already been decided | |
| 78642557 | Cause and effect | reasoning that assumes one even or condition can bring about another | |
| 78642558 | Claim | the conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove | |
| 78642559 | Claim of fact | a claim that asserts something exists, has existed, or will exist, based on Data that the audience will accept as objectively verifiable | |
| 78642560 | Claim of policy | a claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems | |
| 78642561 | Claim of value | a claim that asserts some things are more or less desirable than others | |
| 78642562 | Cliche | a worn-out expression or idea, no longer capable of producing a visual image provoking thought about a subject | |
| 78642563 | Comparison language | language that describes specific, generally observable, persons, places, or things | |
| 78642564 | Comparison warrant | a warrant based on shared characteristics and circumstances of two or more things or events; an analogy is a type of comparison, but the things or events being compared in an analogy are not of the same class | |
| 78642565 | Connotation | the overtones that adhere to a word through long usage | |
| 78642566 | Credibility | the audience's belief in the arguer's trustworthiness | |
| 78642567 | Deduction | reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true | |
| 78642568 | Definition | an explanation of the meaning of a term, concept, or experience; may be used for clarification, especially of a claim, or as a means of developing an argument | |
| 78642569 | Definition by negation | defining a thing by saying what it is not | |
| 78642570 | Ethos | the qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience's acceptance of the claim | |
| 78642571 | Euphemism | a pleasant or flattering expression used in place of one that is less agreeable but possibly more accurate | |
| 78642572 | Evidence | facts or opinions that support an issue or claim; may consist of statistics, reports of personal experience, or views of experts | |
| 78642573 | Extended definition | a definition that uses several different methods of development | |
| 78642574 | Fact | something that is believed to have objective reality, a piece of information regarded as verifiable | |
| 78642575 | Factual evidence | support consisting of data that is considered objectively verifiable by the audience | |
| 78642576 | Fallacy | an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference | |
| 78642577 | False analogy | assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well | |
| 78642578 | False dilemma | simplifying a complex problem into an either/or dichotomy | |
| 78642579 | Faulty emotional appeals | basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear-often to draw attention away from the real issues or conceal another purpose | |
| 78642580 | Faulty use of authority | failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources | |
| 78642581 | Generalization | a statement of general principle derived inferentially from a series of examples | |
| 78642582 | Hasty generalization | drawing conclusions from insufficient evidence | |
| 78642583 | Induction | reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples | |
| 78642584 | Inference | an interpretation of the facts | |
| 78642585 | Motivational appeal | an attempt to reach an audience by recognizing their needs and values and how these contribute to their decision making | |
| 78642586 | Motivational warrant | a type of warrant based on the needs and values of an audience | |
| 78642587 | Need | in the hierarchy of Abraham Maslow, whatever is required, whether psychological or physiological, for the survival and welfare of a human being | |
| 78642588 | Non sequitur | "It does not follow"; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim | |
| 78642589 | Picturesque language | words that produce images in the minds of the audience | |
| 78642590 | Policy | A course of action recommended or taken to solve a problem or guide | |
| 78642591 | Post hoc | mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation; from pot hoc ergo propter hoc(after this therefore because of this); doubtful cause | |
| 78642592 | Qualifier | a restriction placed on the claim to state that it may not always be true as stated | |
| 78642593 | Refutation | an attack on an opposing view in order to weaken it, invalidate it, or make it less credible | |
| 78642594 | Reservation | a restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim | |
| 78642595 | Sign warrant | a warrant that offers an observable datum as an indicator of a condition | |
| 78642596 | Slanting | selecting facts or words with connotations that favor the arguer's bias and discredit alternatives | |
| 78642597 | Slippery slope | predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step | |
| 78642598 | Slogan | an attention-getting expression used largely in politics or advertising to promote support of a cause or product | |
| 78642599 | Statistics | information expressed in numerical form | |
| 78642600 | Stipulative definition | a definition that makes clear that it will explore a particular area of meaning of a term or issue | |
| 78642601 | Straw man | disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguer's opponent | |
| 78642602 | Style | choices in words and sentence structure that make a writer's language distinctive | |
| 78642603 | Substantive warrant | a warrant based on beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence | |
| 78642604 | Support | any material that serves to prove an issue or claim; in addition to evidence, it includes appeals to the needs and values of the audience | |
| 78642605 | Syllogism | a formula of deductive argument consisting of three propositions: major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion | |
| 78642606 | Two wrongs make a right | diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point, e.g., by responding to an accusation with a counteraccusation that makes no attempt to refute the first accusation | |
| 78642607 | Values | conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly, good or bad | |
| 78642608 | Warrant | a general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim | |
| 78642609 | Logos | logical appeal. Offers clear/rational ideas | |
| 78642610 | Pathos | emotional appeal |
