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| 2000975229 | 18th Century | Final phase of old order | 0 | |
| 2000975230 | Monarchs | They ruled states well into the 18th century | 1 | |
| 2000975231 | Divine right | No longer used as a claim for monarchy power | 2 | |
| 2000975232 | Utilitarian Argument | The services a monarch must provide to its people. i.e. defend, oversee agriculture, encourage the economy This argument was praised by philosophes | 3 | |
| 2000975233 | Enlightened absolutism | New type of monarch which emerged at this time Rulers who followed the advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Joseph II of Austria They were not war mongers | 4 | |
| 2000975234 | Shift of power in the 16th Century | European economic power shifted to Mediterranean and the Atlantic seaboard | 5 | |
| 2000975235 | Shift of power in the 17th Century | The English and Dutch expanded as Spain and Portugal declined | 6 | |
| 2000975236 | Shift of power in the 18th Century | Dutch weakened and English and France build commercial empires and the true global ecconomy | 7 | |
| 2000975237 | France leading up to Louis XV | France monarchy was not influenced by the philosophes and the reforms Louis XIV left France with a great amount of debt, an unhappy populace, and a 5-year-old leader The Duke of Orleans took power until Louis XV was ready France in the 18th century received a strong economic revival due to the Enlightenment | 8 | |
| 2000975238 | Louis XV | Lazy and a weak ruler of France easily influenced by ministers and mistresses Goes to war and bankrupted France | 9 | |
| 2000975239 | Pompadour | Charmed Louis to gain both power and wealth while making important government decisions | 10 | |
| 2000975240 | Louis XVI | Even worse of a ruler than his predecessor and helped lead to the French revolution | 11 | |
| 2000975241 | natural rights | Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person equality before the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech and press, assemble, property, happiness essentially the Bill of rights | 12 | |
| 2000975242 | Philosophes opinion on rulers | most people needed the direction provided by an enlightenment ruler They said an enlightenment ruler must allow natural rights Ruler must not be arbitrary in their rule -Practice what you preach! Essentially absolute rulers who were swayed by enlightened principles *This was the opinion of what group? | 13 | |
| 2000975243 | British Parliament | Glorious revolution prevented absolutism Power was to be shared between the king and Parliament giving parliament the slight upper hand | 14 | |
| 2000975244 | Patronage | Since house of commons was elected from boroughs wealthy people could control appointments to an office | 15 | |
| 2000975245 | How British Parliament gained more power | When the queen died in 1714 the crown was handed to protestant rulers of Germany They did not speak English so the Parliament took even more control Big step to the modern cabinet system in British Government Authority of the crown continued to diminish due to the corrupt electoral system and the loss of America People criticized the king | 16 | |
| 2000975246 | Dutch | This state experienced a decline in economic prosperity | 17 | |
| 2000975247 | Frederick William 1st | He developed the army and the bureaucracy that were the backbone of Prussia Promoted the evolution of Prussia's highly efficient civil bureaucracy Established the General Directory He bonded nobility and the army, and therefore the nobility to the government | 18 | |
| 2000975248 | General Directory | chief administrative agent of the central government, supervised the military, police, economic, and finance | 19 | |
| 2000975249 | Supreme values of Frederick William 1st | obedience, honor, and service to the King | 20 | |
| 2000975250 | Prussia | Peasants had few rights and were tied to the nobility only way to gain rights as a peasant was to join the army Junkers still played a dominating role Army was the backbone of the State 4th largest army 13th most populous | 21 | |
| 2000975251 | Prussian militarism | extreme happiness with military ventures | 22 | |
| 2000975252 | Frederick 2nd the Great | well educated and cultured monarch Initially he followed philosophes recommendations and Established a code of laws eliminating the use of torture -also granted limited freedom of speech, press, and religious toleration Took away power of peasants in the army Social conservative Quick to use military By the end of his reign prussia was recognized as a great European power Floutist | 23 | |
| 2000975253 | Prussia-Austria conflict | Seized the Austrian province of Silesia for Prussia This act helped lead to the two major wars The war of Australian succession The seven Years war | 24 | |
| 2000975254 | Prussia | Well known for its efficiency, honesty, and army | 25 | |
| 2000975255 | Austria | One of the great European states by the 18th century Vienna was the center of the Habsburg monarchy Struggled creating common law and a centralized administration | 26 | |
| 2000975256 | Theresa | Leader of Austria Following the loss of the War of Austrian Silesia she reformed her empire She divided the Austrian lands to elect officials to make Austria more centralized Outcome of reforms was the strengthening power of the state and modernization of the Army She was not open to social reform | 27 | |
| 2000975257 | Theresa | She forced the clergy and nobles to pay property and income taxes in preparations for the next conflict with Prussia | 28 | |
| 2000975258 | Joseph 2nd | He was open to reform Chief goal was to enhance Hapsburg power Leader of Austria following Theresa | 29 | |
| 2000975259 | Reforms of Joseph the 2nd | Abolished serfdom and tried to give peasants rights abolished the death penalty complete religious toleration German as the official language | 30 | |
| 2000975260 | Outcome of Joseph the 2nd reforms | alienated the nobility by freeing serfs Alienated the church Serfs were unhappy, they didn't fully understand his policies German as the official language alienated non-Germans | 31 | |
| 2000975261 | Catherine the Great | When her husband was murdered she became the leader of Russia Wished to reform Russia along Enlightenment ideas At the same time she didn't want to alienate Russia Nobility Divided Russia into provinces Each district elected their officials and were responcible for their province | 32 | |
| 2000975262 | Catherine the Great | She wrote "Instruction" | 33 | |
| 2000975263 | "Instruction" | Written by Catherine the Great Questioned the institutions of serfdom, torture and capital punishment Advocated for the principle of equality for all in the eyes of the law Produced little change | 34 | |
| 2000975264 | Peasant revolt under Catherine | Peasants revolted after the government began to restrict free peasants in districts from leaving The revolt's momentum soon stopped due to government forces effectiveness Catherine responded with even more repression of peasantry rural reform halted and serfdom expanded to new areas | 35 | |
| 2000975265 | Pugachev | A Cossack who led the Peasant revolt in Russia He won the support of peasants by issuing a manifesto that freed them from oppressive taxes and military service He was later captured, tortured, and executed | 36 | |
| 2000975266 | Poland's destruction | Example of why a strong monarch is needed in early modern Europe Elected Polish king was forced to accept drastic restriction on his power Weak king was seen as an invitation to invade from other countries Austria, Russia, and Prussia contributed to Poland's destruction The three divided up Poland equally to avoid war This shows why building a strong, absolute state was essential to survival in the 17th and 18th century | 37 | |
| 2000975267 | Spain | This state's rule shifted from the Hapsburg to the Bourbons Philip 5th centralized Spain through his laws, institutions, and language | 38 | |
| 2000975268 | Italian States | Austria was now the dominating force here following the Peace of Utrecht, not Spain | 39 | |
| 2000975269 | Portugal | Experienced a decline following the Glorious revolution | 40 | |
| 2000975270 | The Scandinavian States | Sweden had become the dominant power in northern Europe Sweden power declined as a result of nobility gaining power Power was later returned to a monarchy thanks to Gustavus Gustavus was enlightened and established freedom of speech, religion, and press introduced Laissez-faire | 41 | |
| 2000975271 | 3 Rulers who believed in Enlightened absolutism | Joseph, Frederick, and Catherine Joseph was the only one who truly sought radical changes based on the enlightenment State necessities took precedence over Enlightenment for the other two | 42 | |
| 2000975272 | Enlightened Absolutism | Rulers seeked legal reform, religious tolerance, and the extension of education to create more satisfied subject and to make a stronger government Military, political, and social realities limited their abilities to make real change and reforms | 43 | |
| 2000975273 | Cardinal Fleury | Cardinal who was in power when Louis 15th was a child Did a great job at staying out of wars | 44 | |
| 2000975274 | 7 Years War | Loss of Empire Stared in the New world then came to Europe France lost all of their NA Colonies | 45 | |
| 2000975275 | Robert Walpole | First Prime Minister of Great Britian -ministerial power -peaceful foreign policy | 46 | |
| 2000975276 | William Pitt the Elder | Replaces Walpole Aggressive foreign policy Helped lead to the 7 years war | 47 | |
| 2000975277 | George 3 | This king of England lost the American colonies | 48 | |
| 2000975278 | Enlightenment ideals | Equality under the law universal treatment Freedom of religion Freedom of speech/press Freedom to assemble Right to pursue happiness Support of education | 49 | |
| 2000975279 | Philosophes | They condemned war as a foolish waste of life and resources | 50 | |
| 2000975280 | Balance of Power | The prevention of creating one state which dominates the others Idea of counterbalancing the power of one state by another. Did not however create a desire for peace | 51 | |
| 2000975281 | reason of state | Dynasties who ruled were very short term thinkers who only cared about their family This idea is looking beyond dynastic interests to the long-term future of their states Frederick II and William Pitt the Elder did this Motivated diplomacy and created country foreign policy | 52 | |
| 2000975282 | Organization of army | 18th Century: More efficient control of power in the hands of bureaucrats who could collect taxes and organize states | 53 | |
| 2000975283 | the War of Austrian Succession | Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the empress Theresa to invade Austria France also entered as France is enemies with Austria Theresa made an alliance with Great Britain GB feared the growth of France War spread all over Europe and outside of Europe Outcomes: Prussia won Silesia -France lost some NA colonies -English got some colonies Ended with the Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | 54 | |
| 2000975284 | Charles VI | Austrian ruler who was unable to produce a male Heir and feared giving the thrown to his daughter Theresa He negotiated the Pragmatic sanction which was getting other European powers to recogized his daughter as the true heir | 55 | |
| 2000975285 | Pragmatic Sanction | When Charles VI tried getting other European powers to recognize his daughter as the true heir this was called | 56 | |
| 2000975286 | Outcomes of the Australian War of Succession | Outcomes: Land exchanges with no clear winner Land returned to original owners but Prussia kept Silesia | 57 | |
| 2000975287 | Peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | promised the return of all occupied territories to it's original owner Prussia would not give up Silesia to Austria This prompted the next conflict | 58 | |
| 2000975288 | The Seven Years' War Background | Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia Build army and worked diplomatically for its return Achieved a diplomatic revolution | 59 | |
| 2000975289 | The Seven Years' War Conflict | Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French Frederick II made impressive initial defeat of Austria, Russia, and France with his superb army His forces were gradually worn down as he has surrounded with enemies attack When Elizabeth of Russia died her son Peter III who was a great admirer of Frederick withdrew his troops from the conflict and occupied Prussian lands created a stalemate and helped move to peace | 60 | |
| 2000975290 | The Seven Years' War in India | French and Britain supported opposing Indian Princes British under Clive ultimately won Clive was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company | 61 | |
| 2000975291 | 3 Major areas of conflict in the Seven Years War | Europe, India, North America Some argue this was the first world war Conflict in Europe | 62 | |
| 2000975292 | Seven Years War alliances | Britain and France were rivals of colonial empires Prussia and Austria were rivals of Silesia France now allied with Austria instead of Prussia Russia joined this alliance Great Britain allied with Prussia | 63 | |
| 2000975293 | Seven Years War | Britians and Prussians Vs. Austrians, Russians, and French | 64 | |
| 2000975294 | Peace of Hubertusburg | Ended the Conflict All occupied territories were removed Austria finally recognized Silesia | 65 | |
| 2000975295 | Treaty of Paris | This made French withdraw from India and left it for the British Seceded Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britian Spain gave Florida to GB France gave their Louisiana Territory to the Spanish France loses all claim to North America Territory | 66 | |
| 2000975296 | the French and Indian War | French settled along the Mississippi river while the 13 colonies were already in place This cut off a vast area for GB expansion French made allies with the Indians who were seen as less threatening than the British William Pitt the Elder was determined for the destruction of the France colony French were forced to make peace after a series of British gains | 67 | |
| 2000975297 | Two areas of contention in the French and Indian War | Waterways of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence Unsettled Ohio River valley | 68 | |
| 2000975298 | Army hierarchical structure | Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class | 69 | |
| 2000975299 | The nature of Warfare | Bigger armies did not make more destructive wars No longer driven by religious ideology Cost of large armies limited counties war objectives | 70 | |
| 2000975300 | Standing army | Size of armies increased Army hierarchical structure Officers were primarily aristocracy middle class were kept out of higher ranks rank-and-file soldiers came from lower class | 71 | |
| 2000975301 | "House" | association whose collective interests were more important than those of the individual whole was more important than individual | 72 | |
| 2000975302 | Primogeniture | The practice of treating the first son as the favorite This came under attack in the 18th century | 73 | |
| 2000975303 | foundling homes | orphanage-like homes for unwanted children often sent because parents had too many children solution to infanticide (common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed) fatal for babies with 50-90% mortality rates children who survived were sent into miserable jobs | 74 | |
| 2000975304 | nuclear family | a couple and their dependent children regarded as a basic social unit | 75 | |
| 2000975305 | Tull | He discovered that using a hoe kept soil loose which allowed air and moisture to reach the plants and grow better used a drill to plant seeds to plant seeds in a row rather than by hand | 76 | |
| 2000975306 | enclosure acts | Allowed agricultural lands to be legaly enclosed Destroyed traditional village life in England Made farming more industrial and urban | 77 | |
| 2000975307 | the Bank of England | Decline in the supply of gold and silver led to the need for more liquid forms of money The Bank was created to fill this problem loaned money to the government in exchange for "banknotes" which were equivalent to paper substitute for gold and silver currency created "national debt" which was different from the monarch's personal debts allowed governments to finance larger armies | 78 | |
| 2000975308 | John Law | Attempted to create a national bank and paper currency in France Bank went bankrupt and people lost faith in paper money | 79 | |
| 2000975309 | textiles | Woolen cloth 75% of Britain's exports | 80 | |
| 2000975310 | cottage industry | "Putting-out" or "domestic" system Capitalists buy raw good, give goods to rural workers, rural workers return the raw goods as cloth, Capitalists sell for profit | 81 | |
| 2000975311 | water frame | Growing demand for cotton and the cottage industry could not keep up Richard Arkwright invented the this Powered by water or horse it turned out yarn much faster rural workers were threatened by its growth and called for its destruction | 82 | |
| 2000975312 | Arkwright | He invented the water frame | 83 | |
| 2000975313 | infanticide | common practice where parents would murder their children because they couldn't take care of them i.e. suffocating them in their bed | 84 | |
| 2000975314 | Clive | He was the leader of the Army of the British East India Company | 85 | |
| 2000975315 | social status | This was still largely determined by wealth old order began to crumble in this time period | 86 | |
| 2000975316 | peasants | largest social group 85% of Europe's population large differences between peasants in different regions 2 types: free peasant versus serf | 87 | |
| 2000975317 | Free Peasants | South West Europe legally free Had to pay tithes | 88 | |
| 2000975318 | serfs | Eastern Europe Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on could not marry or move without the lord's permission Approached Slavery in some cases | 89 | |
| 2000975319 | tithes | A portion of peasant crops which would be given to priests towns, and aristocrats | 90 | |
| 2000975320 | Villages | center of the peasants social life maintained public order | 91 | |
| 2000975321 | nobility | 2-3% of European population top of the social order better diet Important military roles Controlled most of the government | 92 | |
| 2000975322 | Georgian country house | Country houses were seen as the pinnacle of aristocrat life Country Houses were large estates of wealthy nobles The Georgian style was the most popular in the 18th century Classical design Created houses with "Privacy" | 93 | |
| 2000975323 | Frederick II the Great | "First servant of his state" | 94 | |
| 2000975324 | Sanssouri | Fredrick the Great's Palace in Potsdom | 95 | |
| 2000975325 | Austria, Prussia, Russia | 3 Countries that split Poland (Alphabetical order) | 96 | |
| 2000975326 | War of Austrian Succesion | France, Prussia, Spain, Vs. Austria, GB, Russia | 97 | |
| 2000975327 | The seven Years war | "The First world war" | 98 | |
| 2000975328 | The seven Years war | France, Austria, Russia Vs. GB, Prussia | 99 | |
| 2000975329 | Diplomatic revolution | When france united with Austria rather than Prussia and GB united with Prussia rather than Austria | 100 | |
| 2000975330 | London | This city replaced Amsterdam as the leading banking city in Europe | 101 | |
| 2000975331 | Nobility, Clergy, Peasants | 3 estates | 102 | |
| 2000975332 | "the grand tour" | Going around Europe traveling to get a better education rich families | 103 | |
| 2000975333 | Poverty | Increased in this time period Higher percentage of poor people Europeans start caring less about the state of the extremely poor | 104 | |
| 2000975334 | monasticism | christian idea of a mystical experience with god | 105 | |
| 2000975335 | Limited monarchy | system of government where monarchy is limited by a representative assembly | 106 | |
| 2000975336 | natural laws | Laws which all have the right to | 107 | |
| 2000975337 | patricians | wealthy ruling class | 108 | |
| 2000975338 | estates | division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth and economy | 109 | |
| 2000975339 | "Wilkes and Liberty" | slogan used by people who wanted to give the right to vote to the common people of London. | 110 | |
| 2000975340 | Austria. | The dominant power in the Italian states in the eighteenth century was | 111 | |
| 2000975341 | Jethro Tull | His discoveries were part of a general movement to apply the principles of scientific experiment to agricultural practices. | 112 |
