Terms : Hide Images
| 13921577224 | environmental determinism | Human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment. | 0 | |
| 13921577225 | Possibilist | humans are not a product of their environment but possess the skills necessary to modify their environment to fit human needs | 1 | |
| 13921577226 | GIS (geographic information system) | Layers geographic information into a new map, showing specific data (can be used for data of watersheds, population, density, highways, and agricultural data) | 2 | |
| 13921577227 | Remote sensing | Studying an object or location without making direct contact with it | 3 | |
| 13921577228 | equal area projection | Maps that try to distribute distortion equally throughout the map, these maps distort shape | 4 | |
| 13921577229 | Conformal maps | maps that distort area but keep shapes intact |  | 5 |
| 13921577230 | Cylindrical maps | Maps that show true direction but lose distance (e.g., a Mercator map). |  | 6 |
| 13921577231 | Planar maps | Maps that show true direction and examine the Earth from one point, usually from a pole or a polar direction (e.g., any azimuthal map). |  | 7 |
| 13921577232 | Conic maps | Maps that put a cone over the earth and keep distance intact but lose directional qualities |  | 8 |
| 13921577233 | Oval maps | Maps that combine the cylindrical and conic projections (e.g., Molleweide Projection) |  | 9 |
| 13921577234 | Thematic maps | Maps that determine geographic phenomenon (area class maps, area symbol maps, cartograms, choropleth maps, digital images, dot maps, flow line maps, isoline maps, point symbol maps, proportional symbol maps) |  | 10 |
| 13921577235 | Isoline maps | Outlines and connects points of identical value (weather map) |  | 11 |
| 13921577236 | Flow line maps | Maps that are good for determining movement, such as migration trends. |  | 12 |
| 13921577237 | Choropleth maps | Maps that put data into spatial format. Useful for determining demographic data, by assigning colors or patterns to areas |  | 13 |
| 13921593566 | toponym | place name | 14 | |
| 13921595812 | geography | the study of the earth's physical and cultural features | 15 | |
| 13921609369 | GPS (global positioning system) | uses longitude and latitude to determine exact location (found in cars and cellphones) | 16 | |
| 13921622235 | satellite imagery | Images of the earth taken from orbiting satellites. important for GIS and remote sensing | 17 | |
| 13921630273 | scale | the relationship of the size of the map to the amount of area it represents on the planet | 18 | |
| 13921639093 | human geography | The study of human characteristics on the landscape, including population, agriculture, urbanization, and culture. | 19 | |
| 13921719218 | cartograms | Maps that assign space by the size of some datum. (ex- population) |  | 20 |
| 13921733483 | dot map | A map that uses dots to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences (ex- density) |  | 21 |
| 13921741784 | built landscape | produced by the physical material culture, sum of tangible human creations on the landscape | 22 | |
| 13921752298 | sequent occupance | the idea that each civilization leaves an influence on the cultural landscape of a place, affecting the civilizations that come after them | 23 | |
| 13921768160 | Physical Geography | the study of physical features of the earth's surface | 24 | |
| 13921780659 | region | a concept used to link different places together based on any parameter the geographer chooses | 25 | |
| 13921787151 | formal regions | regions where anything and everything inside has the same characteristic or phenomena (ex- democratic party) | 26 | |
| 13921792775 | functional regions | regions that can be defined around a certain point or node, experience distance decay (ex- wifi spots, pizza delivery) | 27 | |
| 13921811811 | Distance Decay | the lessening of a phenomenon as the distance from the hearth increases | 28 | |
| 13921815128 | friction of distance | people will feel resistance to going some place far away because of energy and money | 29 | |
| 13921832276 | perceptual/vernacular region | a region that exists primarily in the individual's idea of a place or feelings on the place (ex- midwest, south) | 30 | |
| 13921841488 | relative location | the location of a place in relation to another place | 31 | |
| 13921847479 | absolute location | location based on longitude and latitude | 32 | |
| 13921851566 | site | the internal characteristics of a place based on its physical features | 33 | |
| 13921853817 | situation | the relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it | 34 | |
| 13921863007 | mental map | A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area | 35 | |
| 13921866322 | latitudes | parallel lines that run east/west on the surface of the earth (highest degree is 90) | 36 | |
| 13921876426 | equator | 0 degrees latitude (divides northern and southern hemispheres) | 37 | |
| 13921883046 | Longitude | parallel lines that run north/south on earth's surface | 38 | |
| 13921888343 | prime meridian | 0 degrees longitude (divides eastern and western hemispheres) | 39 | |
| 13921898678 | time zone | a geographic region within which the same standard time is used (15 degrees longitude apart, 24 zones) | 40 | |
| 13921916262 | international date line | an imaginary boundary between one day and the next (180 degrees longitude) | 41 | |
| 13921934706 | Human Environment Interaction | how people modify or alter the environment to fit their needs | 42 | |
| 13921941769 | five toos | too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too hilly | 43 | |
| 13921943763 | spatial interaction | how well an area is connected to the world determines its importance | 44 | |
| 13921953816 | time-space compression | increasing interconnectedness that human civilization enjoys despite physical distance being fixed (ex- social media, facetime) | 45 | |
| 13921967387 | hearth | the place where something begins | 46 | |
| 13921976573 | relocation diffusion | spreading when people move (ex- language) | 47 | |
| 13921979833 | expansion diffusion | spreading of an idea through a central node through hierarchical, contagious, or stimulus diffusion | 48 | |
| 13921994813 | Hierarchical Diffusion | spreading through the elite leaders (ex- celebrities, political leaders) | 49 | |
| 13922009010 | Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population (ex- viral videos, diseases) | 50 | |
| 13922021084 | stimulus diffusion | the spread of a particular concept that is then used in another product, but is adapted (ex- pasta) | 51 | |
| 13922037331 | density | how often an object occurs within a given area | 52 | |
| 13922053842 | Physiological Density | The number of people per unit of area of arable land | 53 | |
| 13922060311 | Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area. | 54 | |
| 13922062882 | Concentration | density of a particular phenomenon over an area (clustered or dispersed) | 55 | |
| 13922072523 | Clustered/Agglomerated | objects are close together | 56 | |
| 13922077787 | Dispersed/Scattered | objects are spread out | 57 | |
| 13922082153 | linear | a pattern where items are laid out in a singular line | 58 | |
| 13922090361 | centralized | a pattern where items are clustered together | 59 | |
| 13922093236 | random distribution | lack of pattern on a landscape | 60 | |
| 13922097866 | ecological fallacy | assumption that the relationships at one scale also exist at other scales (ex- group level also exists at individual level) | 61 | |
| 13922134619 | rank-size rule | cities relative population sizes relate to their rank within a country | 62 | |
| 13922150971 | Demography | study of population characteristics | 63 | |
| 13922154742 | birth rate | number of births per 1,000 people in the population | 64 | |
| 13922157935 | death rate | number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population | 65 | |
| 13922162725 | population explosion | crisis where population growth occurs in countries that are ill-prepared to handle the growing number of people | 66 | |
| 13922177214 | ecumene | habitable land | 67 | |
| 13922182285 | underpopulation | a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population | 68 | |
| 13922188856 | Overpopulation | too many people in one place for the resources available | 69 | |
| 13922191622 | carrying capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support | 70 | |
| 13922196682 | environmental degradation | harming of the environment (when humans place a strain on the environmental resources) | 71 | |
| 13922214625 | Thomas Malthus | concluded that population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the 1700s (population will outrun food) | 72 | |
| 13922267599 | linear growth | growth that occurs evenly across each unit of time | 73 | |
| 13922270005 | exponential growth | growth as a percentage of the total population | 74 | |
| 13922275680 | Neo-Malthusians | people who believed thomas malthus and are critical of the demographic transition model | 75 | |
| 13922287603 | Demographic Transition Model | indicator of what will happen to a society's population based on birth rate, death rate, and total population | 76 | |
| 13922306116 | demographic transition model stage 1 | High death rates, high birth rates, low growth, hunting and gathering societies, no one is in this stage today | 77 | |
| 13922331148 | demographic transition model stage 2 | high birth rate, low death rate, sharp increase in growth, agricultural societies, sub-saharan africa | 78 | |
| 13922358486 | demographic transition model stage 3 | low death rates, decreasing birth rates, moderate growth, industrial societies, central and south america | 79 | |
| 13922392484 | demographic transition model stage 4 | birth rates and death rates almost equal, stable growth, tertiary societies, europe and usa | 80 | |
| 13922419174 | demographic transition model stage 5 | Very low birth rates, low death rates, population decrease, japan | 81 | |
| 13922442360 | s curve | starts in stage 2 of DTM when total population begins to increase, stabilizes in stage 4, creates s shaped curve | 82 | |
| 13922455163 | zero population growth | a phenomenon in stage 4 of DTM when birth rate equals death rate | 83 | |
| 13922463528 | sex ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population. | 84 | |
| 13922466121 | Age Distribution | individual brackets that demonstrate age groupings in population pyramids | 85 | |
| 13922477982 | population projection | estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition | 86 | |
| 13922480591 | dependency ratio | ratio that states people aged 0-14 and over 65 depend on the workforce for support | 87 | |
| 13922496499 | demographic momentum | a continued population increase as a result of a large segment of the population being young (stage 2 of DTM) | 88 | |
| 13922507380 | negative growth | when the natural increase rate falls below 2, the country begins to lose population (stage 5 of DTM) | 89 | |
| 13922517055 | demographic equation | Determines the population growth rate for the world by subtracting global deaths from global births. | 90 | |
| 13922527073 | infant mortality rate | number of babies that die before 1 year | 91 | |
| 13922531269 | doubling time | The number of years needed to double a population | 92 | |
| 13922542609 | Sustainability | saving of resources for future generations so they can live at the same or higher standard of life as us | 93 | |
| 13922554247 | j curve | a growth curve that depicts exponential growth | 94 | |
| 13922561079 | net migration | the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants | 95 | |
| 13922565109 | place utility | when communities offer incentives for people to move to their areas | 96 | |
| 13922575099 | internal migration | movement within a country | 97 | |
| 13922577023 | Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | ten statements related to migration made in 1885 | 98 | |
| 13922585476 | human capital model | people seek to improve their incomes over the course of their lives; people weigh costs against the benefits if migrating. (developed by larry sjaastad in 1962) | 99 | |
| 13922607140 | life course theory | people make major decisions early on in life that may dictate migration prefernces in the future. (deveolped in 1960s) | 100 | |
| 13922630849 | Intercontinental Migration | movement across international borders | 101 | |
| 13922637290 | Acculturation | The adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another (ex- language, adopts new country's ways) | 102 | |
| 13922930508 | Chain Migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there | 103 | |
| 13922934848 | Interregional Migration | migration within a country (region to region) | 104 | |
| 13922940328 | International Migration | movement from one country to another. | 105 | |
| 13922943436 | Intraregional Migration | movement within one region | 106 | |
| 13922947174 | cyclic migration | seasonal migration, often associated with agricultural seasons | 107 | |
| 13922957427 | transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. | 108 | |
| 13922959898 | intervening obstacle | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. | 109 | |
| 13922964045 | intervening opportunity | causes a migrant to stop and stay at a location along their journey because they like it more (economic or environmental) | 110 | |
| 13922979003 | transmigration | removal of people from one place and their relocation somewhere else within a country | 111 | |
| 13922990400 | material culture | anything that can physically seen on the landscape | 112 | |
| 13922997371 | built environment | tangible impact of human beings on the landscape | 113 | |
| 13923001030 | nonmaterial culture | anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched (ex- language and religion) | 114 | |
| 13923013363 | folk culture | the practice of a particular custom of a relatively small group of people that increases the group's uniqueness | 115 | |
| 13923016861 | folklore | the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth. | 116 | |
| 13923023264 | popular culture | cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population | 117 | |
| 13923027324 | cultural landscape | Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place (ex- buildings, theaters, places of worship) | 118 | |
| 13923040849 | natural landscape | The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. | 119 | |
| 13923047094 | adaptive strategy | the way humans adapt to physical and cultural landscape they are living in | 120 | |
| 13923053508 | hooligans | sports fans that incite violence at soccer games | 121 | |
| 13923062149 | indigenous architecture | architecture that is not built by a professional craftsperson or artist | 122 | |
| 13923076756 | Anglo-American landscape | styles of housing or infrastructure based on british and early american influences | 123 | |
| 13923093638 | traditional architecture | the style of building that was characteristic when that area was established | 124 | |
| 13923107740 | lingua franca | a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. | 125 | |
| 13923113584 | dialect | a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group (different in speed, sound, syntax, and vocab) | 126 | |
| 13923122007 | syntax | the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences | 127 | |
| 13923125145 | isogloss | boundary that separates dialects | 128 | |
| 13923133980 | pidgin language | a simplified language that forms from the fusion of two languages | 129 | |
| 13923143277 | trade language | language that is used between people who don't share a native language to conduct business | 130 | |
| 13923159275 | Creole language | A stable language resulting from the blend of two or more languages | 131 | |
| 13923174099 | official language | Language in which all government business occurs in a country. | 132 | |
| 13923176991 | linguistic diversity | learning of more languages (on an individual, societal, or global scale) | 133 | |
| 13923195345 | language families | large groups of languages having similar roots (ex- indo-european) | 134 | |
| 13923213348 | language subfamilies | smaller groups of languages within a language family (ex- west germanic) | 135 | |
| 13923224311 | language groups | languages descended from a common ancestral language (ex- romance languages) | 136 | |
| 13923249462 | faith | belief in something based on spirituality rather than physical proof | 137 | |
| 13923255797 | Fundamentalism | strict adherence to a set of beliefs, literal interpretation | 138 | |
| 13923269871 | ethnic religion | a religion that is particular to an ethnic group and is passed down at birth | 139 | |
| 13923282579 | universalizing religion | religion that attempts to appeal to all people in the world | 140 | |
| 13923292299 | secularist | someone who believes religion and society should be separate | 141 | |
| 13923295643 | jainism | religion based on non materialism and transcending the cycles of life and death, don't believe in a god | 142 | |
| 13923310302 | Christianity | worlds largest religion, focused on the life of jesus (roman catholic, protestant, orthodox) | 143 | |
| 13923321252 | denominations | Branches of a religion that differ on specific practices or principles of the religion | 144 | |
| 13923326648 | mormonism | universalizing religion centered in Utah; Book of Mormon and Old and New Testaments | 145 | |
| 13923333458 | islam | second largest religion, monotheistic, shares common heritage with jewish and christian religions | 146 | |
| 13923342493 | hajj | muslim pilgrimage to Mecca | 147 | |
| 13923350081 | mecca | holiest city in the islamic religion | 148 | |
| 13923354486 | shiites | smaller branch of islam, 10-15% (in azerbaijan, bahrain, iran, iraq) | 149 | |
| 13923366865 | sunnis | bigger branch of islam, 85 to 90% (in middle east, nothern africa, southeast asia) | 150 | |
| 13923389421 | theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders (iran and saudi arabia) | 151 | |
| 13923395187 | shariah law | islamic law that does not recognize separation between church and state | 152 | |
| 13923403046 | judaism | one of the oldest religions, ethnic and monotheistic | 153 | |
| 13923413612 | Zoroastrianism | one of oldest religions, belief that zarathustra is the father of religion (india and iran) | 154 | |
| 13923429591 | Hindusim | polytheistic, oldest religion, mainly in india | 155 | |
| 13923436772 | vedas | holy books of hinduism | 156 | |
| 13923444759 | syncretic religion | blends two or more religious belief systems into a new system | 157 | |
| 13923454492 | sikhism | monotheistic, rejects caste system, believes all people are created equal, punjab region of india | 158 | |
| 13923466082 | Baha'i | universalizing, similar to sikhism, africa and asia | 159 | |
| 13923478114 | animism | the belief that all things possess a soul | 160 | |
| 13923483735 | Confucianism | focuses on relationships within the world and is associated with feng shui, china | 161 | |
| 13923497881 | taoism | philosophy based on the release of personal desires, emphasizes mysticism, china | 162 | |
| 13923508458 | shintoism | japan, poly and monotheistic, believe that nature is divine and emphasize ancestors | 163 | |
| 13923523123 | interfaith boundaries | boundaries between the major religions | 164 | |
| 13923526171 | enclave | an area within or surrounded by a larger area whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct | 165 | |
| 13923544488 | exclave | a group of people who are physically separated from their religious hearth | 166 | |
| 13923549794 | Assimilation | dying out of the old culture as it becomes replaced with the culture where a person currently resides (3 generations) | 167 | |
| 13936283477 | Political Geography | Studies geographical influences on political systems and power relationships | 168 | |
| 13936283478 | Geopolitics | The study of the interplay between political relations and the territories in which they occur | 169 | |
| 13936283479 | Core country | A country that is well developed with a strong economic base (ex - USA) | 170 | |
| 13936283480 | Periphery country | A less developed, economically poor country (ex - Ghana) | 171 | |
| 13936283481 | State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. | 172 | |
| 13936283482 | Sovereignity | Political authority for a state to govern itself | 173 | |
| 13936283483 | Microstate/Ministate | A country that is small in population and area (ex - Monaco) | 174 | |
| 13936283484 | City state | Small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area | 175 | |
| 13936283485 | Nation | a group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion (ex - the French, Koreans, Mexicans) | 176 | |
| 13936283486 | Stateless nation | A nation of people without a state that it considers home (ex - Kurds, basques, Palestinians) | 177 | |
| 13936283487 | Nation state | A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (ex - Japan, Iceland, Denmark) | 178 | |
| 13936283488 | Political boundary | a boundary that divides the territory of one country from that of another | 179 | |
| 13936283489 | Frontier | A zone of territory where no state has governing authority | 180 | |
| 13936283490 | Geometric boundary | A boundary created using geometric patterns (lines, arcs) | 181 | |
| 13936283491 | physical boundary | Boundary based on the geographical features of earths surface (mountains, water) | 182 | |
| 13936283492 | ethnographic/cultural boundary | Boundary based on ethnographic and cultural considerations (like language and religion) | 183 | |
| 13936283493 | Boundary evolution | the technical wording of a treaty that legally defines where a boundary should be located | 184 | |
| 13936283494 | Delimination | The process in which cartographers put the boundaries on the map. | 185 | |
| 13936283495 | Demarcation | the process of physically representing a boundary on the landscape | 186 | |
| 13936283496 | Border landscape | Zonal area on both sides of the boundary | 187 | |
| 13936283497 | antecedent boundary | a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated | 188 | |
| 13936283498 | Subsequent boundary | boundary that develops along with the development of the cultural landscape | 189 | |
| 13936283499 | superimposed boundary | a political boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization on the landscape | 190 | |
| 13936283500 | Irredentism | A political movement by an ethnic group or other closely aligned group that aims to reoccupy an area that the group lost | 191 | |
| 13936283501 | relic boundary | Boundary that is no longer used but still can be seen on the landscape (ex - Great Wall of China) | 192 | |
| 13936283502 | Reunification | The rejoining of 2 formerly divided nations (ex - east and west Germany) | 193 | |
| 13936283503 | Ethnic conflict | disagreements that usually result in military action of violence of one ethnic group against another (ex - balkans with Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, Croats) | 194 | |
| 13936283504 | Religious conflict | Conflicts that involve violence between members of different religious groups (ex - Muslims and Hindus in South Asia) | 195 | |
| 13936283505 | Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (ex - Yugoslavia) | 196 | |
| 13936283506 | Annexation | Legally adding land area to an already existing state (ex - USA purchasing Alaska from Russia) | 197 | |
| 13936283507 | Definitional boundary dispute | a dispute that arises from legal language of the treaty's definition of the boundary | 198 | |
| 13936283508 | Locational Boundary Dispute | Disputes that arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the intention of the border is (ex - a river shifts its course, changing the landscape). | 199 | |
| 13936283509 | Operational Boundary Dispute | Dispute when two neighboring countries disagree on major issues involving the border | 200 | |
| 13936283510 | Allocational Boundary Dispute | Dispute over the actual use of a boundary (ex - use of a resource that cross the boundary) | 201 |
