Terms : Hide Images
| 7492565349 | Ad Hominem | When you switch the topic to the character of the other speaker. | 0 | |
| 7492582038 | Ad Populum (Bandwagon appeal) | "Everyone is doing it so you should too!" | 1 | |
| 7492590742 | Appeal to False Authority | Occurs when someone who has no authority on an issue is cited as an authority. | 2 | |
| 7492596156 | Argument | A process pf reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse of further assurances or data. | 3 | |
| 7492603630 | Assumption/Warrant | In the Toulman model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 4 | |
| 7492611100 | Backing | In the Toulman model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority. | 5 | |
| 7492626567 | Begging the Question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound. | 6 | |
| 7492629951 | Circular Reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 7 | |
| 7492633896 | Claim | Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable. | 8 | |
| 7492641181 | Claim of Fact | A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. | 9 | |
| 7492646035 | Claim of Policy | A claim of policy proposes a change. | 10 | |
| 7492648026 | Claim of Value | A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 11 | |
| 7492651978 | Classical Oration, the | Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. | 12 | |
| 7492664077 | Introduction (exordium) | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. | 13 | |
| 7492667059 | Narration (narration) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem what needs addressing. | 14 | |
| 7492674965 | Confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's proof and conclusion. | 15 | |
| 7492682817 | Refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 16 | |
| 7492687773 | Conclusion (peroration) | Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 17 | |
| 7492689689 | Closed Thesis | A closed theses is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 18 | |
| 7492700489 | Deduction | Deduction is a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deductions is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 19 | |
| 7492704642 | Either/or (false dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 20 | |
| 7492708598 | Faulty Analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. | 21 | |
| 7492728024 | First-Hand Evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 22 | |
| 7492736557 | Hasty Generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence. | 23 | |
| 7492734530 | Induction (inducer-to lead into) | A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in orders to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 24 | |
| 7492766183 | Logical Fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 25 | |
| 7492771749 | Open Thesis | An open thesis is one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. | 26 | |
| 7492780212 | Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (After which therefore because of which) | It is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. | 27 | |
| 7492784843 | Qualifier | In the Toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 28 | |
| 7492796172 | Quantitative Evidence | Evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. | 29 | |
| 7492801867 | Rebuttal | In the Toulmin model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections. | 30 | |
| 7492805707 | Reservations | In the Toulmin model, a reservation explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier. | 31 | |
| 7492811544 | Rogerian Arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers. They are arguments based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively. | 32 | |
| 7492819301 | Second-Hand Evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 33 | |
| 7492831266 | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 34 | ||
| 7492833816 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 35 | |
| 7492839678 | Toulmin Model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument" (1958) | 36 | |
| 9795836608 | Invective | insulting, abusive, or highly critical language. | 37 | |
| 9795914685 | Didactic | A text with an instructive purpose often moral. | 38 | |
| 9795952390 | Ribald | Offensive in speech or gesture | 39 | |
| 9796038477 | Sanguineous | optimistic, cheerful | 40 |
