Terms : Hide Images
| 7911344351 | Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 ruling that separate but equal facilities for different races were not unconstitutional. | 0 | |
| 7911344352 | Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education. | 1 | |
| 7911344353 | de jure discrimination | Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law. | 2 | |
| 7911344354 | de facto discrimination | discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit | 3 | |
| 7911344355 | Busing | achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries | 4 | |
| 7911344356 | Affirmative Action | A policy designed to give special compensation to a previously disadvantaged group. | 5 | |
| 7911344357 | Emancipation Proclamation | Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union. | 6 | |
| 7911344358 | Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves | 7 | |
| 7911344359 | Jim Crow Laws | Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites | 8 | |
| 7911344360 | 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70) | 9 | |
| 7911344361 | 14th Amendment | Rights of Citizens | 10 | |
| 7911344362 | 15th Amendment | Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude | 11 | |
| 7911344363 | Equal Rights Amendment | a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex | 12 | |
| 7911344364 | glass ceiling | the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work | 13 | |
| 7911344365 | litigation | legal proceedings | 14 | |
| 7911344366 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin | 15 | |
| 7911344367 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage | 16 | |
| 7911344368 | Susan B. Anthony | An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. | 17 | |
| 7911344369 | policy representation | congressional work to advance the issues and ideological preferences of constituents | 18 | |
| 7911344370 | allocative representation | congressional work to secure projects, services, and funds for the represented district | 19 | |
| 7911344371 | pork barrel projects | government projects and grants that primarily benefit the home district or state | 20 | |
| 7911344372 | Earmarks | Federal funds appropriated by Congress for use on local projects | 21 | |
| 7911344373 | symbolic representation | Efforts made by Congress to further the ideals or values of constituents is called | 22 | |
| 7911344374 | hyperpartisanship | a commitment to party so strong it can transcend other commitments | 23 | |
| 7911344375 | Congressional Oversight | Congress's exercise of its authority to monitor the activities of agencies and administrators | 24 | |
| 7911344376 | Reapportionment | the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census | 25 | |
| 7911344377 | Redistricting | The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes. | 26 | |
| 7911344378 | Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. | 27 | |
| 7911344379 | partisan gerrymandering | process by which districts are drawn to maximize the number of House seats a political party can win | 28 | |
| 7911344380 | racial gerrymandering | drawing of legislative boundaries to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group | 29 | |
| 7911344381 | incumbency advantage | the electoral edge afforded to those already in office | 30 | |
| 7911344382 | coattail effect | the added votes received by congressional candidates of a winning presidential party | 31 | |
| 7911344383 | midterm loss | the tendency for the presidential party to lose congressional seats in off-year elections | 32 | |
| 7911344384 | descriptive representation | the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents | 33 | |
| 7911344385 | economic inequality | Differences in the income/wealth of different households (rich, middle class and poor) | 34 | |
| 7911344386 | Korematsu v. US | California was right to intern Japanese-Americans in camps during crisis of World War II | 35 | |
| 7912222947 | standing committee | A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area | 36 | |
| 7912222948 | House Rules Committee | the committee that determines how and when debate on a bill will take place | 37 | |
| 7912222949 | select committee | a committee appointed to deal with an issue or a problem not suited to a standing committee | 38 | |
| 7912222950 | joint committee | legislative committee composed of members of both houses | 39 | |
| 7912222951 | conference committee | special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate | 40 | |
| 7912222952 | Filibuster | A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate | 41 | |
| 7912222953 | cloture rule | Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate | 42 | |
| 7912222954 | omnibus legislation | Large bills that often cover several topics and may contain extraneous, or pork-barrel, projects. | 43 | |
| 7912222955 | roll call vote | A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names. | 44 | |
| 7912222956 | veto override | reversal of a presidential veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress | 45 | |
| 7912222957 | pocket veto | president's power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days | 46 | |
| 7912222958 | War Powers Act of 1973 | President can send troops immediately, but must report to Congress and power is limited to 60 days | 47 | |
| 7912222959 | executive order | A rule issued by the president that has the force of law | 48 | |
| 7912222960 | executive agreement | an agreement between the president and the leader of another country | 49 | |
| 7912222961 | senatorial courtesy | unwritten tradition whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are not confirmed | 50 | |
| 7912222962 | solicitor general | Justice Department officer who argues the government's cases before the Supreme Court | 51 | |
| 7912222963 | pardoning power | a president's authority to release or excuse a person from the legal penalties of a crime | 52 | |
| 7912222964 | traditional presidency | the founders' vision of limited executive power | 53 | |
| 7912222965 | inherent powers | powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it | 54 | |
| 7912222966 | modern presidency | the trend toward a higher degree of executive power since the 1930s | 55 | |
| 7912222967 | Expectations Gap | what the public thinks accountants should do and what accountants think they can do | 56 | |
| 7912222968 | power to persuade | the ability of presidents to convince others to cooperate with their agenda | 57 | |
| 7912222969 | Going public | Directly addressing the public in order to win support for oneself or one's ideas. | 58 | |
| 7912222970 | cycle effect | the predictable rise and fall of a president's popularity at different stages of a term in office | 59 | |
| 7912222971 | honeymoon period | a time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic approval by the public | 60 | |
| 7912222972 | Legislative Liaison | Legislative assistants provide liaison between the office of the government and the legislature | 61 | |
| 7912222973 | divided government | the political condition in which different political parties control the presidency and Congress | 62 |
