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| 6746562562 | starting at page | 375 - CH11 | 0 | |
| 6746570517 | it takes at least $______ to make a credible challenge to an incumbent in most districts (for campaign funding) | $1 million | 1 | |
| 6746577174 | In many areas with expensive media markets, the minimum price tag for campaigns is $______ | $2 million or more | 2 | |
| 6746593836 | for campaigns, incumbents spend about _______ times as much as challengers | 3xs | 3 | |
| 6746608239 | incumbency advantage | only 10-15% of challengers in a typical election year have any previous elective experience (when such a high proportion of challengers are amateurs, its not surprising that so many incumbents win) | 4 | |
| 6747773765 | things incumbents do to get reelected through community service | -"work their districts" -taking time to meet w constituents, listen to their concerns, and perform casework -high levels of constituent service may help explain why some incumbents have become electorally secure | 5 | |
| 6747804752 | congress ppl love doing constituent service bc it's an easy way to make voters happy | -might get credit for listening to them -most of them have a "how can i help" link on their website | 6 | |
| 6747823039 | most house members work their district to an extreme | -"Tuesday to Thursday Club" (meaning they're only in Washington during the middle of the week, spending the rest of their time at home in their districts) -they'll go to breakfast and public events | 7 | |
| 6747862337 | 62% of voters believed the nation was "on the wrong track" | yet....97% of house incumbents won reelection (bc most people can insulate themselves from national forces, it is more difficult to hold the government accountable) | 8 | |
| 6747913980 | district boundaries | -redrawn every 10 years -determine who is eligible to vote in any given congressional race | 9 | |
| 6747930973 | *redistricting* | re-drawing the geographic boundaries of legislative districts -every 10 yrs, happens to ensure that districts remain roughly equal in population | 10 | |
| 6747944744 | *apportionment* | the process of assigning the 435 seats in the House to the states based on increases or decrease in state population ex) in 2010 Texas gained four seats in congress and Ohio lost two | 11 | |
| 6747989220 | *gerrymandering* | attempting to use the process of re-drawing district boundaries to benefit a political party, protect incumbents, or change the proportion of minority voters in a district -named after Elbridge Gerry, massachusetts house member and governor, vp under madison, and author of one of the resembling a salamander | 12 | |
| 6748047802 | race cannot be the predominant factor in drawing congressional district lines, but | it can be one of the factors (North Carolina had a weird map out of stuff in 1992) | 13 | |
| 6748069430 | *gridlock* | an inability to enact legislation because of partisan conflict within congress or between congress and the president | 14 | |
| 6748098540 | universalism | a norm stating that when benefits are being divided up, they should be awarded to as many districts and states as possible (makes support of these bills very lop sided) | 15 | |
| 6748114079 | *logrolling* | a form of reciprocity in which members of congress support bills that they otherwise might not vote for in exchange for other members' votes on bills that are very important to them (if u scratch my back, ill scratch urs) | 16 | |
| 6748132857 | *earmarks* | federally funded local projects attached to bills passed through congress | 17 | |
| 6748148177 | specialization norm | efficient operation of congress and for members' reelection. by becoming an expert on a given issue -members provide valuable information to the institution as a whole and also create a basis for credit claiming | 18 | |
| 6748189815 | *seniority norm* | serves individual and institutional purposes -member with the longest service on a committee will chair the committee | 19 | |
| 6748217609 | *speaker of the house* | the elected leader of the house of representatives -head of majority party, influences the legislative agenda, committee assignments, scheduling , etc. | 20 | |
| 6748230564 | Nancy Pelosi | first woman to serve as speaker | 21 | |
| 6748234190 | *majority leader* | the elected head of the party holding the majority of seats in the house or senate -one of the national spokesperson for the party and also helps with day to day operation of the legislative process | 22 | |
| 6748250310 | *whip system* | an organization of house leaders who work to disseminate info and promote party unity in voting on legislation -take head count, tries to persuade members to support the party's position, etc. | 23 | |
| 6748350796 | *minority leader* | the elected head of the party holding the minority of seats in the house or senate | 24 | |
| 6748359585 | senate leadership does not have as much power as the leadership of the house | bc individual senators have more power than indiv house | 25 | |
| 6748366470 | majority and minority leaders are the leaders of their respective parites | 2nd in command- assistant maj and min. leaders | 26 | |
| 6748386460 | *president pro tempore* | largely symbolic position usually held by most senior member of the majority party in the senate -presiding over senate when VP isnt there -NO REAL POWER | 27 | |
| 6748391546 | *roll call vote* | a recorded vote on legislation members may vote yes no abstain or present | 28 | |
| 6748396264 | *party vote* | a vote in which the majority of one party opposes the position of the majority of the other party | 29 | |
| 6748402941 | party unity | the extent to which members of congress in the same party vote together on party votes | 30 | |
| 6748438244 | *standing committees* | committees that are permanent part of the house or senate strucuture, holding more importance and authority than other committees | 31 | |
| 6748443417 | *select committees* | committes in the house or senate created to address a specific issue for one or two terms (global warming from 2007-2010) | 32 | |
| 6748447629 | *joint committees* | committees that contain members of both ouse and senate but have limited authority. (taxation - makes estimates of the consequences of proposed tax legislation) | 33 | |
| 6748461346 | *conference committees* | temp. committees created to negotiate differences between the house and senate versions of a piece of legislation passed thru both chambers. -usually standing committee members from each chamber who worked on the bill | 34 | |
| 6748489528 | *distributive theory* | the idea that members of congress will join committees that best serve the interests of their district and that committee members will support one another's legislation (members from farm states would serve on the agricultural committee) | 35 | |
| 6748502831 | *informational theory* | the idea that having committees in congress made up of experts on specific policy areas helps to ensure well-informed policy decision | 36 | |
| 6748518747 | Barbara Sinclairs book | Unorthodox Lawmaking -argues that the legislative process for major legislation is now less likely to conform to the textbook model than to unorthodoz lawmaking | 37 | |
| 6748550342 | most important thing to understand about the process is before legislation can become a law, | IT MUST BE PASSED IN IDENTICAL FORM by both the house, senate, and signed by the prez (if prez vetos the bill, it can still be passed with 2/3 vote in each chamber) | 38 | |
| 6748564642 | How a Bill Becomes a Law | 1) a member of congress introduces the bill 2) a subco and committee craft the bill 3) floor action on the bill takes place in the first chamber (house or senate) 4) committee and floor action takes place in the second chamber 5)the conference committee works out any difference between the house and senate versions of the bill (if the two chambers pass the same version then steps 5 and 6 are not necessary) 7) the president either signs or vetoes the final version 8) if the bill is vetoed, both chambers can attempt to override the veto w 2/3 vote in each chamber | 39 | |
| 6748620246 | *mark up* | one of the steps through which a bill becomes a law in which the final wording of the bill is determined | 40 | |
| 6748630428 | *veto* | the president's rejection of a bill that has been passed by congress a verto can be overridden by 2/3 votes in h and s | 41 | |
| 6748634850 | *pocket veto* | the automatic death of a bill passed by H and S when the president fails to sign the bill in the last 10 days of legislative session | 42 | |
| 6748650113 | *omnibus legislation* | large bills that often cover several topics and ma contain extraneous or pork barrel projects | 43 | |
| 6748679439 | *cloture* | procedure through which the senate can limit the amount of time spent debating a bill (cutting off a filibuster) if a supermajority of 60 senators agree | 44 | |
| 6748689229 | *filibuster* | a tactic used by senators to block a bill by continuing to hold the floor and speak -under the senate rule of unlimited debate- until the bill's supporters back down | 45 | |
| 6748708717 | *closed rules* | conditions placed on legislative deabte by the house rules committee prohibiting amendments to a bill | 46 | |
| 6748715339 | *open rules* | conditions placed on a legislaitve debate by the house rules committee allowing relebant amendments to a ball | 47 | |
| 6748719613 | *modified rules* | conditions placed on legislative debate by the house rules committee allowing certain amendments to a bill while barring others | 48 | |
| 6749528394 | CHAPTER | 12 | 49 | |
| 6749632527 | Franklin Roosevelt won the 1932 election | began reshaping american gov -fed policies and dwight followed suit after | 50 | |
| 6749647923 | *constitutional authority* (prez) | powers derived from the provisions of the constitution that outline the president's role in government | 51 | |
| 6749653564 | *statutory authority* (prez) | powers derivded from laws enacted by congress that add to the powers given to the preseident in the constitution | 52 | |
| 6749667875 | *vesting clause* | Article II Section I of the constitution, which states: "the executive power shall be vested in a president of the US" making the president both the head of government and the head of state | 53 | |
| 6749685867 | *head of government* | one role of the president, through which he has authority over the executive branch | 54 | |
| 6749689716 | *head of state* | one role of the president, through which he or she represents the country symbolically and politically | 55 | |
| 6749705572 | who the president appoints | -ambassadors -senior bureaucrats -members of federal judiciary (including sup. ct. justice) | 56 | |
| 6749712478 | prez controls about | 8000 positions bc head of exec branch | 57 | |
| 6749722829 | *recess appointment* | selection by the president of a person to be an ambassador or the head of a department while the senate is not in session, thereby passing senate approval. -unless approved by a subsequent senate vote, recess appointees serve only to the end of the congressional term (recess is adjourned for more than 3 days) | 58 | |
| 6749739849 | *executive orders* | proclamations made by the president that change government policy without congressional approval | 59 | |
| 6749767660 | prez is commander in cheif | but congress has the power to declare war (we have only declared 5 wars) | 60 | |
| 6749805314 | *executive agreemnt* | agreement between the exec branch and a foreign gov, which acts as a treaty but does not require senate approval | 61 | |
| 6749890421 | *executive privlesge* | the right of the presdient to keep exec branch conversations and correspondence confidential from leg and jud branches | 62 | |
| 6749924344 | 9/45 presidents | were vps who came in half term | 63 | |
| 6749944234 | *cabinet* | 15 executives departments in federal gov who implement the presidents agenda in their respective positions | 64 | |
| 6749965540 | *unilateral actoin* | any policy decision made and acted upon by the president and presidential staff without the explicit approval or consent of congress | 65 | |
| 6749980640 | *unitary exec theory* | the idea that the vesting clause of the constitution gives the president the authority to issue orders and policy directives that cannot be undone by congress | 66 | |
| 6750002653 | *signing statement* | a document issued by the president when signing a bill into law explaining his or her interpretation of the law, which often differs from the interpretation of congress, in an attempt to influence how the law will be implemented | 67 | |
| 6750301088 | execitive office of the president (EOP) | the group of polict related offices that serve as support staff to the preseident -1800 employed -1/3 are concentrated in 3 offices (budget and trade) | 68 | |
| 6750599956 | CHAPTER | 13 | 69 | |
| 6750602597 | *bureacracy* | system of civil servants and politcal apointees who implement cong or prez decisions known as the admin state | 70 | |
| 6750608139 | *civil sevants* | employees of buro agencies within gov | 71 | |
| 6750611440 | political appointees | people selected by an elected leader, such as the prez, to hold goc position | 72 |
