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| 8410610461 | Zona glomerulosa | Most superficial; secretes mineralocorticoids | 0 | |
| 8410612177 | Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids) | target: kidney regulate Na+ and K+ levels; bp regulation electrolyte balance -drop in Na+ or rise in K+ | 1 | |
| 8410612909 | Zona fasciculata | Middle layer; secretes glucocorticoids | 2 | |
| 8410613942 | Cortisol (Glucocorticoids) | Target: all body cell stimulate fat and protein breakdown, elevate glucose balance,inhibits inflammation (immune), manage stress ACTH secretion | 3 | |
| 8410614712 | Zona reticularis | sex steroids | 4 | |
| 8410641054 | Sex steroids | Target: diverse affect libido and bone tissue homeostasis among others secretion by ACTH from anterior pituitary | 5 | |
| 8410615089 | Pheochromocytoma | tumor of adrenal medulla; high catecholamines high heart rate, bp, and nervousness | 6 | |
| 8410617534 | Epinephrine | (Adrenaline) Target: heat, lung, liver accelerates heart constriction, dilate airways, and high rate of blood glucose stress | 7 | |
| 8410621103 | norepinephrine | (Noradrenaline) Target: pacemaker cell of heart, and blood vessels accelerates heart rate, vasoconstriction (high bp) stress | 8 | |
| 8410626295 | chromaffin cells | cells in adrenal medulla that secrete hormones | 9 | |
| 8410628442 | aldosterone | zona glomerulosa | 10 | |
| 8410644212 | Addison's Disease | Hypo secretion of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Abnormal Na+ and K+ levels, abnormal glucose level, dehydration and low bp | 11 | |
| 8410647478 | Cushing's Disease | Hyper secretion of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids Hyperglycemia, salt and water retention, abnormal redistribution of fat | 12 | |
| 8410651205 | Inslet | clusters of endocrine cells | 13 | |
| 8410651754 | Alpha cells | Pancreas- secrete glucagon | 14 | |
| 8410652370 | Beta cells | Pancreas- secrete insulin | 15 | |
| 8410654458 | Multiple Sclerosis | Oligdendrocyte attacked by immune cells; low myelination, low impulse, weak motor function | 16 | |
| 8410656415 | Gullian-Barre Syndrome | Distal -> Proximal weakness | 17 | |
| 8410659330 | Insulin | Secreted during and after meals Target: most body cells promotes uptake and use or storage of glucose; decrease blood glucose secretion stimulated by increase in blood glucose | 18 | |
| 8410665861 | glucagon | between meals target: liver elevate blood glucose secretion stimulated by decrease in blood glucose | 19 | |
| 8410667780 | Diabetes mellitus | Inadequate uptake of glucose Retinal blindness, kidney failure, nontraumatic amputations heart disease and stroke | 20 | |
| 8410672109 | Type 1 diabetes | Absent or diminished release of insulin by pancreas Younger individuals | 21 | |
| 8410673981 | Type 2 diabetes | Decreased insulin release obesity older individuals | 22 | |
| 8410675455 | Gestational diabetes | pregnant women risk to fetus and delivery complications | 23 | |
| 8410676478 | Hyperglycema | glucose level below 60mg symptoms of hunger, dizziness, confusion, sweating, and sleepiness deficiencyof glucocorticoids or gh, genetics | 24 | |
| 8410681708 | gray matter | neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons | 25 | |
| 8410682379 | white matter | myelinated axon | 26 | |
| 8410683488 | Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area) | (frontal lobes) located in precentral gyrus | 27 | |
| 8410685711 | pyramidal cells | cells in primary motor cortex gray matter control skeletal muscle activity | 28 | |
| 8410688180 | motor homunculus | controlled body regions of primary motor cortex | 29 | |
| 8410689638 | premotor cortex (motor association area) | anterior to primary cortex coordinates learned, skilled activities | 30 | |
| 8410691205 | Primary somatosensory cortex | postcentral gyrus receives sensory info from proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain, temp | 31 | |
| 8410693761 | sensory homunculus | map of areas of body sending input | 32 | |
| 8410695179 | somatosensory association area | posterior to postcentral gyrus integrates touch info allows identify what feel | 33 | |
| 8410696882 | primary visual cortex | occipital lobes receive sensory info from retinas | 34 | |
| 8410698367 | visual association area | surrounds primary visual cortex integrates color, form, memory (ex identify face) | 35 | |
| 8410699573 | primary auditory cortex | temporal lobes receive info from hearing sensors in ear | 36 | |
| 8410701031 | auditory association area | temporal lobes interprets sounds | 37 | |
| 8410702372 | primary olfactory cortex | medial aspect of temporal lobes provides awareness of smell | 38 | |
| 8410703883 | primary gustatory cortex | insula receive info from tongue taste info | 39 | |
| 8410705008 | prefrontal cortex | anterior to premotor cortex complex thought, judgment, personality, planning, deciding | 40 | |
| 8410706553 | gnostic area | integrate info form variety of senses | 41 | |
| 8410707330 | Wernicke area | posterior to lateral sulcus in left hem recognition of spoken and written language | 42 | |
| 8410708949 | Broca area | inferior prefrontal cortex usually in left hem generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and hands for signing | 43 | |
| 8410712988 | affective language area | r hem lesions produce aprosody | 44 | |
| 8410713927 | aprosody | flat emotionless speech | 45 | |
| 8410715107 | nonfluent (broca) aphasia | slow speech, difficulty choosing words | 46 | |
| 8410716513 | fluent (wernicke) aphasia | speech normal and excessive, use senseless jargon cannot comprehend written and spoken words | 47 | |
| 8410718589 | anomic aphasia | can speak normally and understand speech but cannot identify written words or pictures | 48 | |
| 8410721043 | limbic system | emotional brain | 49 | |
| 8410721044 | hippocampus | part of limbic system medial temporal lobe memory function | 50 | |
| 8410722251 | amygdala | part of limbic system anterior to hippocampus emotion function | 51 | |
| 8410723451 | gratification | sensations of pleasure or reward | 52 | |
| 8410724506 | aversion | sensations of fear or sorrow | 53 | |
| 8410725383 | association tracts | connect regions of cerebral cortex within same hem | 54 | |
| 8410725968 | commissural tract | connect regions in diff hem include corpus callosum | 55 | |
| 8410727269 | projection tract | connect diff regions of CNS | 56 | |
| 8410729264 | Epithalamus | diencephalon has pineal gland and habenlar nuclei | 57 | |
| 8410730603 | pineal gland | secrete melatonin regulate circadian rhythm | 58 | |
| 8410731702 | habenular nuclei | relay signals from limbic to midbrain | 59 | |
| 8410734002 | hypothalamus | homeostatic regulation autonomic nervous system and endocrine system | 60 | |
| 8410737059 | thalamus | gateway to the cerebral cortex relays infor | 61 | |
| 8410739115 | cerebral peduncles | midbrain motor tracts on anterolateral surface of midbrain carries voluntary motor commands from primary motor cortex to pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord | 62 | |
| 8410741829 | corpora quadrigemina | midbrain contain superior colliculi and inferior colliculi | 63 | |
| 8410742575 | superior colliculi | function in visual attention | 64 | |
| 8410743329 | inferior colliculi | receive signals from the inner ear and relays them to thalamus | 65 | |
| 8410744965 | pons | includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord contains middle cerebellar peduncle | 66 | |
| 8410746181 | middle cerebellar peduncle | transverse axon connecting pons to cerebellum | 67 | |
| 8410748082 | medulla oblongata | brainstem includes sensory and motor tracts contain pyramids | 68 | |
| 8410749800 | pyramids | pair of ridges on anterior surface house corticospinal tract for motor control decussation- opposite side | 69 | |
| 8410751687 | cardiac center | part of medulla oblongata regulate heart rate | 70 | |
| 8410753382 | vasomotor center | part of medulla oblongate regulate blood vessel diameter | 71 | |
| 8410754650 | respiratory center | part of medulla oblongata controls breathing rate | 72 | |
| 8410755375 | olives | bulge lateral to each pyramid in medulla oblongata contain olivary nuclei relay proprioceptive info to cerebellum | 73 | |
| 8410758768 | primary fissure | separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum | 74 | |
| 8410760206 | cerebellar cortex | outer gray matter of cerebellum | 75 | |
| 8410760661 | arbor vitae | internal white matter of cerebellum (tree of life) | 76 | |
| 8410761891 | spinal nerves | 31 pairs | 77 | |
| 8410762408 | conus medullaris | cord terminates at L1-L2 | 78 | |
| 8410763191 | cauda equina | collection of spinal nerves with vertebral canal (horse's tail) | 79 | |
| 8410767532 | parasympathetic cranial nerves | oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus | 80 | |
| 8410773810 | conjuctiva | thin membrane cover eye secrete mucus | 81 | |
| 8410774334 | caruncle | produces oily secretion to protect eye | 82 | |
| 8410777460 | flow of tears | lacrimal glands, across eyeball, lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity | 83 | |
| 8410782188 | lateral rectus | move eye laterally (VI abducens) | 84 | |
| 8410782711 | medial rectus | move eye medially (III oculomotor) | 85 | |
| 8410783737 | superior rectus | elevates eye (III) | 86 | |
| 8410784854 | inferior rectus | depresses eye (III) | 87 | |
| 8410785325 | inferior oblique | elevate eye and turn laterally (III) | 88 | |
| 8410785994 | superior oblique | depress eye and turn laterally (IV trochlear) | 89 | |
| 8410790285 | sclera | layer of white avascular dense irregular ct (avascular tunic) | 90 | |
| 8410790780 | cornea | transparent; light enters stratified squamous, simple (inner) squamous (avascular tunic) | 91 | |
| 8410794860 | uvea | vascular tunic (choroid, cilliary bodyy, iris) | 92 | |
| 8410795712 | choroid | blood rich layer, membrane with melanocytes absorbs and refracts light, prevent scattering | 93 | |
| 8410798513 | cilliary body | contain cillary muscle, change shape of lens | 94 | |
| 8410799886 | iris | control amount of light that penetrates to retina | 95 | |
| 8410803372 | sensory tunic | retina two layered pigemented epithelial layer neural layer (rods and cones) | 96 | |
| 8410804854 | optic disc | blind spot | 97 | |
| 8410805780 | macula lutea | yellow spot, high cone density | 98 | |
| 8410806239 | fovea centralis | high cone density, area with greatest visual acuity | 99 | |
| 8410807318 | pathway of light | ganglion layer, bipolar later, excitation of photoreceptors, stimulation of ganglion cells, transmission via optic nerve | 100 | |
| 8410810584 | anterior cavity | border by cornea anteriorly and lens posteriorly filled with aqueous humor (continuously replaced) | 101 | |
| 8410811347 | posterior cavity | filled with vitreous fluid (produced once) maintain proper refractive medium for bending of light | 102 | |
| 8410815262 | suspensory ligament | hold lens in place | 103 | |
| 8410819776 | pinna | cartilaginous, skin covered structure around auditory canal opening | 104 | |
| 8410820653 | external auditory canal | short canal lined with skin contain ceruminous gland that secrete wax sound wave reach tumpanic membrane (Eardurm) | 105 | |
| 8410824580 | ossicles | smallest bones in bodyy (malleus, incus, stapes) | 106 | |
| 8410825121 | auditory tube | connect middle vacity with nasopharnyx equalize air pressure | 107 | |
| 8410831333 | macula sacculi | vertically | 108 | |
| 8410831334 | macula utriculi | horizontally | 109 | |
| 8410833333 | otolithic membrane | tips of cilia embedded gelatinous consistency | 110 | |
| 8410834319 | otholiths | calcified proteins granules in otolithic membrane | 111 | |
| 8410835681 | crista ampullaris | rotational equibrilium in semicircular canal | 112 | |
| 8410843457 | cervical plexus | phrenic nerve- motor branch | 113 | |
| 8410843959 | brachial plexus | axillary, radial, median, musculocutaenous, ulnar | 114 | |
| 8410845665 | axillary nerve | muscles and skin of shoulder | 115 | |
| 8410846445 | radial nerve | extensor muscles of arm, forearm and hand | 116 | |
| 8410846917 | median nerves | flexor muscles of forearm and hand | 117 | |
| 8410847872 | musculocutaenous nerve | flex forearm | 118 | |
| 8410848370 | ulnar nerve | muscles not serviced by median nerve | 119 | |
| 8410849707 | lumbar plexus | femoral nerve- anteromedial surface of entire lower limb | 120 | |
| 8410850752 | sacral plexus | sciatic nerve- largest, flexor muscles and skin | 121 | |
| 8410854053 | reflex | rapid, predictable, involuntary motor response | 122 | |
| 8410855901 | ipsilateral | same side location of receptor relative to effectors | 123 | |
| 8410858182 | contralateral | opposite side | 124 | |
| 8410859998 | exteroceptors | receptors near external surface | 125 | |
| 8410861227 | interoceptors | receptors in viscera (internal organs, blood vessels) | 126 | |
| 8410862481 | proprioceptors | receptors in viscera (muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments) | 127 | |
| 8410864875 | mechanoreceptors | sense change in mechanical force/stretch | 128 | |
| 8410866065 | thermoreceptors | temp change | 129 | |
| 8410866673 | chemoreceptors | snese change in chemical | 130 | |
| 8410866674 | photoreceptors | detect light waves | 131 | |
| 8410869600 | phonoreceptors | detect sound waves | 132 | |
| 8410871866 | baroreceptors | hydrostatic pressure | 133 | |
| 8410873395 | nocioreceptors | sense pain | 134 |
