Chapter 3 Terms in the textbook "Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy (AP edition)"
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| 14886505197 | Federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have federal authority over the same land and people. | 0 | |
| 14886505198 | Unitary Governments | A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. | 1 | |
| 14886505199 | Intergovernmental Relations | The workings of the federal system— the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments. | 2 | |
| 14886505200 | Supremacy Clause | Article VI (six) of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. | 3 | |
| 14886505201 | Tenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment stating, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or the people." | 4 | |
| 14886505202 | McCulloch v. Maryland | An 1819 Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. The case held that the Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated power found in the Constitution. | 5 | |
| 14886505203 | Enumerated Powers | Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution. | 6 | |
| 14886505204 | Implied Powers | Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. | 7 | |
| 14886505205 | Elastic Clause | The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. | 8 | |
| 14886505206 | Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. | 9 | |
| 14886505207 | Full Faith and Credit | A clause in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states. | 10 | |
| 14886505208 | Extradition | A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to the officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. | 11 | |
| 14886505209 | Privileges and Immunities | A clause in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states. | 12 | |
| 14886505210 | Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. |  | 13 |
| 14886505211 | Cooperative Federalism | A system of government in which powers and policies are assignments are shared between states and the national government. |  | 14 |
| 14886505212 | Devolution | Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments. | 15 | |
| 14886505213 | Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments. | 16 | |
| 14886505214 | Categorical Grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. | 17 | |
| 14886505215 | Project Grants | Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. | 18 | |
| 14886505216 | Formula Grants | Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations. | 19 | |
| 14886505217 | Block Grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services. | 20 | |
| 14886505218 | U.S. v. Lopez | The Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 exceeded Congress's constitutional authority to regulate commerce | 21 | |
| 14886505219 | New Federalism | Political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states | 22 | |
| 14886505220 | Reserved powers | Tenth Amendment reservation of political powers, not specifically granted to the federal government, to the states. | 23 | |
| 14886505221 | Inherent powers | Powers held by the President that are not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution. | 24 | |
| 14886505222 | Concurrent Powers | Political powers that are shared by both the state and federal governments. | 25 | |
| 14886505223 | Unfunded mandates | A statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements. | 26 |
