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| 8671373535 | federal bureaucracy | thousands of federal government agencies & institutions that implement & administer federal laws & programs | 0 | |
| 8671373536 | spoils system | firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of the newly elected party | 1 | |
| 8671373537 | patronage | jobs, grants or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends & political allies for their support | 2 | |
| 8671373538 | merit system | system of employment based on qualifications, test scores & ability rather than party loyalty | 3 | |
| 8671373539 | Pendleton Act | reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams & created the civil service commission | 4 | |
| 8671373540 | civil service system | merit system by which many federal bureaucrats are selected | 5 | |
| 8671373541 | independent regulatory commission | entity created by Congress outside a major executive department | 6 | |
| 8671373542 | departments | major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce or agriculture | 7 | |
| 8671373543 | independent executive agencies | governmental units that closely resemble a cabinet department but have narrower areas of responsibility & perform services rather than regulatory functions | 8 | |
| 8671373544 | government corporations | businesses established by Congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide | 9 | |
| 8671373545 | Hatch Act | 1939 act to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. Act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party or campaigning for a particular candidate | 10 | |
| 8671373546 | implementation | process by which a law or policy is put into operation | 11 | |
| 8671373547 | iron triangles | relatively ironclad relationships & patterns of interaction that occur among agencies, interest groups & congressional committees or subcommittees | 12 | |
| 8671373548 | issue networks | loose & informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas | 13 | |
| 8671373549 | interagency councils | working groups created to facilitate coordination across a host of governmental agencies | 14 | |
| 8671373550 | policy coordinating committees | subcabinet-level committees created to facilitate interactions btw agencies & departments to handle complex policy problems | 15 | |
| 8671373551 | administrative discretion | ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions | 16 | |
| 8671373552 | rule making | quasi-legislative process resulting in regulations that have the characteristics of a legislative act | 17 | |
| 8671373553 | regulations | rules governing the operation of all government programs that have the force of law | 18 | |
| 8671373554 | administrative adjudication | quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes btwn two parties in a manner similar to the way courts resolve disputes | 19 |
