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| Sultan who ruled ottoman empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by janissaries in 1807. | ||
| Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; started revolution of janisarries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of ottoman empire on western precedents. | ||
| Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 | ||
| Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 | ||
| Members of the ottoman society tried to regain constitution; Took over Abdul Hamid. | ||
| Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in egypt; defeated the mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted mongol advance. | ||
| won power strugle in egypt following fall of mamluks; established mastery of all egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge ottoman government in constantinople; died 1848; ultimately unsuccessful. | ||
| Descendents of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 | ||
| built across the isthmus of suez to connect meditteranean sea with the red sea in 1869; financed by european investors; increasingly indebtness of khedives, permitted intervention of british into egyptian politics to protect their investment. | ||
| Muslim thinkers at the end of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. | ||
| Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against turkish influence in egyptian army; forced khedive to call on british army for support. | ||
| In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan | ||
| Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598 | ||
| architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | ||
| Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | ||
| Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world | ||
| Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War | ||
| fought between the british and qing china beginning in 1839; fought to protect british trade in opium; resulted in resounding british victory, opening hong kong as british port of trade | ||
| broke out in south china in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christianized prophet; sought to overthrow qing dynasty and confucian basis of scholargentry | ||
| dowager empress that ruled the last decades of the manchu dynasty; ultra conservative; supporteed the boxer rebellion. | ||
| popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials | ||
| Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while stilla small boy in 1912 |
