Terms : Hide Images
| 9789481326 | Latitude | The distance in degrees north or south of the equator. | 0 | |
| 9789481327 | Longitude | The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. | 1 | |
| 9789481328 | Cartography | The science of making maps. | 2 | |
| 9789481329 | Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. | 3 | |
| 9789481330 | GPS | Global Positioning System | 4 | |
| 9789481331 | GIS | Geographic Information Systems (layered maps) | 5 | |
| 9789481332 | Toponym | The name given to a portion of Earth's surface. | 6 | |
| 9789481333 | Remote Sensing | The collection of data from satellites for use in GPS and GIS. | 7 | |
| 9789481334 | Absolute Location (Mathematical Location) | The precise point where a place is located on Earth using longitude and latitude. | 8 | |
| 9789481335 | Relative Location (Situation) | Where a place is located in relation to another place. | 9 | |
| 9789481336 | Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. | 10 | |
| 9789481337 | Distance Decay Effect | The decrease in interaction between two things/people as distance increases. | 11 | |
| 9789481338 | Environmental Determinism | The idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment. | 12 | |
| 9789481339 | Globalization | The process in which connections around the world increase and cultures become more alike. | 13 | |
| 9789481340 | Mental Map (Cognitive Map) | A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area. | 14 | |
| 9789481341 | Possibilism | Viewpoint that people, not the environment, are the dynamic forces of cultural development. | 15 | |
| 9789481342 | Scale | The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole. | 16 | |
| 9789481343 | Space-Time Compression | Describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place. | 17 | |
| 9789481344 | Formal Region | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics and has a formal name. | 18 | |
| 9789481345 | Functional Region | An area organized around a node or focal point, has a purpose. | 19 | |
| 9789481346 | Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region) | A region determined by people's mental images, or perceptions, of places. | 20 | |
| 9789481347 | Agricultural Density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. | 21 | |
| 9789481348 | Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area. | 22 | |
| 9789481349 | Carrying Capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support. | 23 | |
| 9789481350 | Cartogram | A map that uses size to illustrate a specific value of data. | 24 | |
| 9789481351 | Census | A complete enumeration of a population. | 25 | |
| 9789481352 | Demographics | Statistical data relating to the population. | 26 | |
| 9789481353 | Ecumene | The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. | 27 | |
| 9789481354 | Overpopulation | Too many people in one place for the resources available. | 28 | |
| 9789481355 | Physiological Density | The number of people per unit area of arable land. | 29 | |
| 9789481356 | Age Distribution | Percentage of the total population, or the population of each sex, at each age level. | 30 | |
| 9789481357 | Agriculture Revolution | Humans created large and more stable sources of food using technology for harvest. | 31 | |
| 9789481358 | Crude Birth Rate | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people. | 32 | |
| 9789481359 | Crude Death Rate | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people. | 33 | |
| 9789481360 | Doubling Time | The time required for a population to double in size. | 34 | |
| 9789481361 | Industrial Revolution | Gradual replacement of many hand tools by machines. | 35 | |
| 9789481362 | Infant Mortality Rate | The number of infant deaths per 1,000 births. | 36 | |
| 9789481363 | Life Expectancy | A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live | 37 | |
| 9789481364 | Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. | 38 | |
| 9789481365 | Sex Ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population. | 39 | |
| 9789481366 | Zero Population Growth | Occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate. | 40 | |
| 9789481367 | Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. | 41 | |
| 9789481368 | Emigration | Movement of individuals out of an area. | 42 | |
| 9789481369 | Immigration | Movement of individuals into an area. | 43 | |
| 9789481370 | Internal Migration | Permanent movement within a particular country. | 44 | |
| 9789481371 | International Migration | Permanent movement from one country to another. | 45 | |
| 9789481372 | Voluntary Migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice. | 46 | |
| 9789481373 | Forced Migration | The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will. | 47 | |
| 9789481374 | Chain Migration | People follow others of preceding friends or family in their migratory paths. | 48 | |
| 9789481375 | Step Migration | Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages. | 49 | |
| 9789481376 | Push Factor | Condition that drives people from their homeland. | 50 | |
| 9789481377 | Pull Factor | A factor that induces people to move to a new location. | 51 | |
| 9789481378 | Refugee | A person who has to leave his or her country to find safety. | 52 | |
| 9789481379 | Unauthorized Immigrants | People who enter a country without proper documents. | 53 | |
| 9789481380 | Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people. | 54 | |
| 9789481381 | Net Migration | The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. | 55 | |
| 9789481382 | acculturation | the blending of two or more cultures | 56 | |
| 9789481383 | assimilation | process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture | 57 | |
| 9789481384 | artifact | an object made by a human, typically an item of cultural or historical interest. | 58 | |
| 9789481385 | sociofact | a culture trait (social) | 59 | |
| 9789481386 | culture hearth | a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward (the River Civilizations ex: Nile, Mesopotamia) | 60 | |
| 9789481387 | culture imperialism | culture is spread to gain influence (colonial empires) | 61 | |
| 9789481388 | culture trait | an activity or behavior in which people often take part | 62 | |
| 9789481389 | culture | beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. | 63 | |
| 9789481390 | custom | practice routinely followed by a group of people. | 64 | |
| 9789481391 | tradition | the beliefs and ways of doing things that are passed down from parents to children | 65 | |
| 9789481392 | cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape | 66 | |
| 9789481393 | taboo | a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom | 67 | |
| 9789481394 | folk culture | traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas | 68 | |
| 9789481395 | popular culture | cultural patterns that are widespread globally among a society's population | 69 | |
| 9789481396 | habit | a repetitive act performed by a one person | 70 | |
| 9789481397 | menifact | ideas, beliefs and values | 71 | |
| 9789481398 | language | a system of communication through the use of speech | 72 | |
| 9789481399 | language group | a set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and similar characteristics | 73 | |
| 9789481400 | language family | a collection of languages with a common ancestor long before recorded history | 74 | |
| 9789481401 | dialect | a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary spelling and pronunciation | 75 | |
| 9789481402 | isogloss | a boundary that separates region in which different language usages predominate (boundaries of dialects) | 76 | |
| 9789481403 | pidgin language | a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary (a mixture of two languages) | 77 | |
| 9789481404 | lingua franca | a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages | 78 | |
| 9789481405 | official language | the language adopted for the use by the government | 79 | |
| 9789481406 | polyglot | a nation that has more than one official language | 80 | |
| 9789481407 | extinct language | a language that is no longer spoken | 81 | |
| 9789481408 | literacy | the ability to read and write a language | 82 | |
| 9789481409 | toponym | place name given to features of the land | 83 | |
| 9789481410 | ideogram | the system of writing that uses symbols instead of letters | 84 | |
| 9789481411 | isolated language | a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to a language family | 85 | |
| 9789481412 | creole language | a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language (usually Europeans) with the indigenous language of the people being dominated (natives) | 86 | |
| 9789481413 | romance language | languages derived from Latin during the time of the Roman empire | 87 | |
| 9789481414 | monotheism | the belief of the existence of one god | 88 | |
| 9789481415 | polytheism | belief in or worship of more than one god | 89 | |
| 9789481416 | universalizing religion | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location | 90 | |
| 9789481417 | autonomous religion | a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally | 91 | |
| 9789481418 | hierarchical religion | a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control | 92 | |
| 9789481419 | sect | a relatively small group that has broken away from an establish denomination | 93 | |
| 9789481420 | fundamentalism | literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principals of a religion branch, denomination, or sect | 94 | |
| 9789481421 | denomination | a large and fundamental division within a religion | 95 | |
| 9789481422 | animism | belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life | 96 | |
| 9789481423 | pilgrimage | a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes | 97 | |
| 9789481424 | cosmogony | a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe | 98 | |
| 9789481425 | Caste system | the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law. A person is born into their caste and it cannot change. | 99 | |
| 9789481426 | missionary | an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion | 100 | |
| 9789481427 | ghetto | during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to inhabited by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. | 101 | |
| 9789481428 | Race | A group of people who share a similar biological ancestor. Includes traits such as skin color and bone structure. | 102 | |
| 9789481429 | Ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share common heredity and cultural traditions. | 103 | |
| 9789481430 | Racism | The belief that one race is genetically superior to another. | 104 | |
| 9789481431 | Ethnocentrism | The belief that one ethnicity is superior to another. | 105 | |
| 9789481432 | Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular country. | 106 | |
| 9789481433 | Ethnic Cleansing | The forced expulsion and resettlement of culture groups through the use of fear and violence. | 107 | |
| 9789481434 | Genocide | Killing people of a specific ethnic group. | 108 | |
| 9789481435 | Acculturation | The process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one's original culture. | 109 | |
| 9789481436 | Assimilation | A complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group. | 110 | |
| 9789481437 | Transculturation | The EQUAL flow of culture traits between two groups. | 111 | |
| 9789481438 | Apartheid | Racial segregation in South Africa. | 112 | |
| 9789481439 | Ethnic Enclave | Small areas inhabited by particular ethnic group. (ghetto) | 113 | |
| 9789481440 | Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white people to sell their homes due to fear of African-American integration. | 114 | |
| 9789481441 | Centripetal Force | Cultural and political ideas of nationalism that can bring a country together. | 115 | |
| 9789481442 | Centrifugal Force | Something that tears cultures apart. | 116 | |
| 9789481443 | microstate | a state that encompasses a very small land area | 117 | |
| 9789481444 | landlocked | a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea | 118 | |
| 9789481445 | boundary | invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory, can be physical or geometric | 119 | |
| 9789481446 | fragmented state | a state that includes several discontinues pieces of territory | 120 | |
| 9789481447 | perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one | 121 | |
| 9789481448 | prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension | 122 | |
| 9789481449 | compact state | a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, usually circular | 123 | |
| 9789481450 | elongated state | a long, narrow state | 124 | |
| 9789481451 | gerrymandering | the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate | 125 | |
| 9789481452 | colonialism | the expansion of an empire | 126 | |
| 9789481453 | sovereignty | supreme or independent political power | 127 | |
| 9789481454 | unitary state | a state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers | 128 | |
| 9789481455 | imperialism | the perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer political sovereign | 129 | |
| 9789481456 | federal state | an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government | 130 | |
| 9789481457 | colony | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent | 131 | |
| 9789481458 | frontier | an area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different culture or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land | 132 | |
| 9789481459 | Heartland Theory | a theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough power to eventually dominate the world | 133 | |
| 9789481460 | Agribusiness | A large-scale farming enterprise for profit. | 134 | |
| 9789481461 | Commercial Agriculture | Found in MDCs. The farming of products for sale off the farm in the marketplace. | 135 | |
| 9789481462 | Desertification | Any change of fertile land into desert. | 136 | |
| 9789481463 | Domestication | The taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food. | 137 | |
| 9789481464 | Extensive Agriculture | Type of agriculture that requires large areas of land and minimal labor per unit of land. | 138 | |
| 9789481465 | Green Revolution | Increased agricultural production thanks to 20th century technology. | 139 | |
| 9789481466 | Industrial Revolution | Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power. | 140 | |
| 9789481467 | Intensive Agriculture | Small amounts of land that produce large amounts of agricultural production. | 141 | |
| 9789481468 | Labor Intensive Agriculture | Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful. | 142 | |
| 9789481469 | Organic Agriculture | Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. | 143 | |
| 9789481470 | Plantation | An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor. | 144 | |
| 9789481471 | Shifting Agriculture | The practice of farming a site until the soil is exhausted, then moving on to a new site. | 145 | |
| 9789481472 | Slash and Burn Agriculture | A farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land. | 146 | |
| 9789481473 | Subsistence Agriculture | Found in LDCs. Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family. | 147 | |
| 9789481474 | Sustainability | The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources. | 148 | |
| 9789481527 | von Thunen Model |  | 149 | |
| 9789481475 | Crop Rotation | The planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility. | 150 | |
| 9789481476 | Paddy | Wet land where rice is grown. | 151 | |
| 9789481477 | Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. | 152 | |
| 9789481478 | Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. | 153 | |
| 9789481479 | Ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. | 154 | |
| 9789481480 | Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. | 155 | |
| 9789481481 | Human Development Index | Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. The maximum score is 1. | 156 | |
| 9789481482 | Expendable Income | Money left over after all bills are paid. | 157 | |
| 9789481483 | Standard of Living | The quality of life of a nation measured by the basic needs met of the citizens. | 158 | |
| 9789481484 | per capita GDP | The GDP divided by the total population. | 159 | |
| 9789481485 | GDP | Gross Domestic Product-the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy. | 160 | |
| 9789481486 | GNP | Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year. | 161 | |
| 9789481487 | Life Expectancy | A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. | 162 | |
| 9789481488 | Primary Sector Economy | The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment (ex. hunting, fishing, mining). | 163 | |
| 9789481489 | Secondary Sector Economy | The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods (ex. factory worker) | 164 | |
| 9789481490 | Tertiary Sector Economy | The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods (cashier, waitress, etc.) | 165 | |
| 9789481491 | Quaternary Sector Economy | Jobs that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information (teaching, tourism, etc.) | 166 | |
| 9789481492 | Quinary Sector Economy | Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill (astronaut, brain surgeon, etc.). | 167 | |
| 9789481493 | LDC | Less Developed Country (developing country) | 168 | |
| 9789481494 | MDC | More Developed Country (developed country) | 169 | |
| 9789481495 | Literacy Rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. | 170 | |
| 9789481496 | Rostow's Stages of Development | 1) Traditional 2) Preconditions of Takeoff 3) Takeoff 4) Drive to Maturity 5) High Mass Consumption |  | 171 |
| 9789481497 | Gender Equity | A measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country. | 172 | |
| 9789481498 | agglomeration | grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources | 173 | |
| 9789481499 | maquiladora | factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of low labor costs in Mexico | 174 | |
| 9789481500 | sustainable development | the idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to come | 175 | |
| 9789481501 | cottage industry | manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution | 176 | |
| 9789481502 | industrial revolution | a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods | 177 | |
| 9789481503 | transnational corporation | a firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as a multinational corporation | 178 | |
| 9789481504 | renewable resource | any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of a human life | 179 | |
| 9789481505 | non renewable resource | a resource that cannot be reused or replaced when used up (ex. fossil fuels) | 180 | |
| 9789481506 | bulk gaining industry | an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume then inputs | 181 | |
| 9789481507 | bulk reducing industry | industries who final product weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be located close to sources of raw materials | 182 | |
| 9789481508 | textile | a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing | 183 | |
| 9789481509 | labor intensive industry | an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses | 184 | |
| 9789481510 | central business district (CBD) | the central area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered | 185 | |
| 9789481511 | concentric zone model | (Burgess Model) divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function |  | 186 |
| 9789481512 | edge city | a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area | 187 | |
| 9789481513 | gateway city | a major entry point or city to a country Ex: New York | 188 | |
| 9789481514 | gentrification | the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents | 189 | |
| 9789481515 | hinterland | the market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves | 190 | |
| 9789481516 | megacity | a city with over 10 million people | 191 | |
| 9789481517 | megalopolis | a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together | 192 | |
| 9789481518 | multiple nuclei model | a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve |  | 193 |
| 9789481519 | primate city | a city that ranks first and dominates a country in terms of population and economy | 194 | |
| 9789481520 | rank-size rule | principle that relates cities' relative population size to rank within country | 195 | |
| 9789481521 | sector model | an economic model that depicts a city as a series of pie-shaped wedges |  | 196 |
| 9789481522 | squatter settlement | areas in the city where people have illegally occupied the land and built poor houses (slum or shantytown) | 197 | |
| 9789481523 | urban revitalization | a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use | 198 | |
| 9789481524 | white flight | the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs | 199 | |
| 9789481525 | world city | a global city that serves as an important linkage or connection point in the global economic system | 200 | |
| 9789481528 | Latin American model |  | 201 |
