Terms : Hide Images
| 4082068151 | language | set of sounds (combinations) to communicate | 0 | |
| 4082068152 | culture | the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. | 1 | |
| 4082068153 | mutual intelligibility | relationship between languages or dialects | 2 | |
| 4082069077 | standard language | language published and taught | 3 | |
| 4082069429 | dialects | variant of standard language by ethnicity or region | 4 | |
| 4082069430 | dialect chains | dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas | 5 | |
| 4082069431 | isogloss | geo boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs | 6 | |
| 4082069937 | language families | group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor | 7 | |
| 4082069938 | subfamilies | subdivision of a group | 8 | |
| 4082069939 | sound shift | slight changes in a word across languages overtime | 9 | |
| 4082070669 | Proto-Indo-European | modern Indo-European languages descended from a single tongue | 10 | |
| 4082070670 | backward reconstruction | The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language | 11 | |
| 4082071029 | extinct language | Language without any native speakers | 12 | |
| 4082071030 | deep reconstruction | Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language | 13 | |
| 4082071394 | Nostratic | Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family | 14 | |
| 4082071395 | language divergence | new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language | 15 | |
| 4082071977 | language convergence | collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages | 16 | |
| 4082071978 | renfrew hypothesis | three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India | 17 | |
| 4082072458 | conquest theory | how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues | 18 | |
| 4082072459 | dispersal hypothesis | the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans | 19 | |
| 4082072949 | Romance languages | Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed | 20 | |
| 4082072950 | Germanic languages | (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south | 21 | |
| 4082072951 | Slavic Languages | Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago | 22 | |
| 4082074032 | lingua franca | Today it refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce | 23 | |
| 4082074033 | pidgin language | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary | 24 | |
| 4082074926 | Creole language | A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue | 25 | |
| 4082074927 | monolingual states | Countries in which only one language is spoken | 26 | |
| 4082075560 | multilingual states | Countries in which more than one language is spoken | 27 | |
| 4082075561 | official language | language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion | 28 | |
| 4082075562 | global language | The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade | 29 | |
| 4082075976 | place | The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location | 30 | |
| 4082077798 | toponym | Place name | 31 |
