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| 9035467128 | What is agriculture? | tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel |  | 0 |
| 9035467129 | What are primary economic activities? (give examples) | extraction of valuable products from earth ex. agriculture, ranching, hunting & gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying | 1 | |
| 9035467130 | What are secondary economic activities? (give examples) | manufacturing a primary product into something else ex. toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, buildings | 2 | |
| 9035467131 | What are tertiary economic activities? | service industries that connect consumers to producers, like trade | 3 | |
| 9035467132 | What are quaternary economic activities? | exchange of information, money, or goods | 4 | |
| 9035467133 | What are quinary economic activites? | exchange of information, money, or goods in research or higher education | 5 | |
| 9035467134 | True or false: Farm size tends to be larger in developed countries | true | 6 | |
| 9035467135 | True or false: Average farm size in the United States has been decreasing regardless of the kind of agricultural goods produced. | false | 7 | |
| 9035467136 | True or false: In MDCs, relatively few people work in agriculture | true | 8 | |
| 9035467137 | True or false: In LDCs, a majority of people are in agriculture | true | 9 | |
| 9035467138 | In the US, less than ___ % of the workforce is involved in agriculture | 2 | 10 | |
| 9035467139 | True or false: Both agricultural production and the labor force in the US are at an all-time high | false | 11 | |
| 9035467140 | Why are a small number of farmers in MDCs able to feed large numbers of people? | machinery - tractors, cultivators, milking machines, etc. | 12 | |
| 9035467141 | True or false: Transportation systems, fertilizers, herbicides, advanced plant and animal breeding programs, and electronic monitoring of crops are important in agriculture | true | 13 | |
| 9035467142 | 4 major issues that affect food security worldwide? | 1. balancing production and consumption 2. conversions of agricultural land to urban land 3. increasing energy-intensive food production with limited fossil fuel resources 4. using food crops for biofuel | 14 | |
| 9035467143 | Thomas Malthus theory | projected that population growth would outpace food supply |  | 15 |
| 9035467144 | Boserup hypothesis | agricultural production can accommodate increasing population through new agricultural innovations, which will allow to produce more food for more people |  | 16 |
| 9035467145 | How does Boserup oppose Malthus' theory? | Boserup believed in agricultural innovations for a growing world population, while Malthus believed that food supply would eventually run out | 17 | |
| 9035467146 | Describe hunter-gatherer societies | small groups low population density limited material culture nomadic (no permanent settlements) |  | 18 |
| 9035467147 | True or false: Hunter-gatherer group sizes vary according to climate and resource availability | true | 19 | |
| 9035467148 | How many hunter-gatherers are in the world today? | 1/4 million people (0.005% of world population) | 20 | |
| 9035467149 | What were the first tools used in hunting? | simple clubs (tree limbs thin on one end and thick and heavy on the other) | 21 | |
| 9035467150 | What helped make spears more effective for hunting? | use of bone and stone | 22 | |
| 9035467151 | In what ways have mechanization and efficiencies led to a decrease in the number of workers in the U.S. agricultural production? | increased use of more machines = less people needed to work on the land | 23 | |
| 9035467152 | What tools did humans use to fish? | harpoons, hooks, and baskets | 24 | |
| 9035467153 | Carl Sauer theory | experiments needed to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in many places, not just grasslands or river valleys | 25 | |
| 9035467154 | Where did Sauer suggest first tropical plant domestication occurred 14,000 years ago? | Southeast and South Asia | 26 | |
| 9035467155 | What are root crops? | crops that are reproduced by cultivating the roots or cuttings from the plants | 27 | |
| 9035467156 | What are seed crops? | plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds | 28 | |
| 9035467157 | Examples of root crops | beets, carrots, potatoes, turnips | 29 | |
| 9035467158 | Examples of seed crops | grains, lentils, dates | 30 | |
| 9035467159 | Cultivation of seed crops marked the beginning of the ___________________ | first agricultural revolution | 31 | |
| 9035467160 | First domestication of seed plants 10,000 years ago took place where? | Fertile Crescent |  | 32 |
| 9035467161 | Examples of crops and animals domesticated in Near East | animals - sheep, goats plants - wheat, barley | 33 | |
| 9035467162 | Demographic and social changes from first agricultural revolution | - division of labor - more people settled into villages - permanent structures built - development of religion, focus on fertility | 34 | |
| 9035467163 | Gigantism in plants (aka artificial selection) | - making bigger seeds to produce more fruit - loss of seed dispersal mechanism - loss of bitter/toxic substances - loss of anti-predator mechanisms | 35 | |
| 9035467164 | Animal domestication began as early as _________ years ago | 8,000 | 36 | |
| 9035467165 | Advantages of animal domestication | - use of beasts as burden - source of food (meat and milk) | 37 | |
| 9035467166 | The 5 important domesticated mammals | cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse | 38 | |
| 9035467167 | Define subsistence agriculture | growing only enough food to survive | 39 | |
| 9035467168 | What kind of agriculture was the norm throughout most of human history? | subsistence agriculture | 40 | |
| 9035467169 | Why do groups of people practice subsistence agriculture? | farmers felt production for the global market has not benefited them financially or culturally | 41 | |
| 9035467170 | Shifting cultivation and its importance on society | farmers migrate to search for new lands after their plots of land become infertile, but causes more deforestation and destroys more natural resources | 42 | |
| 9035467171 | Define slash-and-burn agriculture | farmers use tools (machetes and knives) to slash down trees and tall vegetation, then burn vegetation on the ground | 43 | |
| 9035467172 | Where does slash-and-burn agriculture usually occur in? | humid, low-latitude climates (South America, Sub-Saharan, Africa, and Southeast Asia) | 44 | |
| 9035467173 | Define pastoral nomadism | herding domesticated animals; migratory farming; trading animal products for food | 45 | |
| 9035467174 | Where does pastoral nomadism usually occur? | dry climates (North Africa, Middle East, North and West China) | 46 | |
| 9035467175 | True or false: Intensive subsistence agriculture includes large plots of lands, wasted land, lots of machinery used | false | 47 | |
| 9035467176 | What significant changes were seen during the second agricultural revolution? | invention of new technology that helped improve irrigation, fertilizers, artificial feeds, advances in breeding livestock | 48 | |
| 9035467177 | Purpose of the four-field rotation? | maintains fertility of land | 49 | |
| 9035467178 | Von Thunen model | producing the most cost-effective product for the market based on cost of transportation, land, and profit | 50 | |
| 9035467179 | True or false: As you get closer to a city, the price of land increases | true | 51 | |
| 9035467180 | 4 rings of Von Thunen model | first ring - market gardening and dairy second ring - forest/lumber third ring - extensive field crops fourth ring - ranching, livestock, grazing | 52 | |
| 9035467181 | Von Thunen model assumptions | - isolated state - surrounded by unoccupied wilderness - no rivers or mountains; completely flat - no roads - soil quality and climate are consistent - farmers work to maximize profits | 53 | |
| 9035467182 | Pros and cons of Green Revolution | Pros: - increased food production and food supply; saved millions of lives - improvements in productivity - fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, farm machinery and better plants Cons: - GMO criticisms - reduced organic matter in soil due to herbicides and pesticides - machinery too expensive - pollution - inducing climate change | 54 | |
| 9035467183 | GMOs found in ___ % of all processed foods in the United States | 75 | 55 | |
| 9035467184 | Define genetic engineering | technological improvements on biological systems to make or enhance specific agricultural goods or food production |  | 56 |
| 9035467185 | True or false: Shifts from subsistence to commercial agriculture did not have dramatic impacts on rural life | false | 57 | |
| 9035467186 | Subsistence farming is common where? | Africa, Middle America, tropical South America, parts of Southeast Asia | 58 | |
| 9035467187 | How has the impact of colonialism changed subsistence farming? | - European powers sought to end subsistence farming - integrating farmers into colonial systems of production and exchange - demand farmers to pay taxes - colonial powers would conduct soil surveys, build irrigation systems, and establish lending agencies that provide loans to farmers | 59 | |
| 9035467188 | Cadastral system | method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined | 60 | |
| 9035467189 | Rectangular survey system | - exists throughout most of US - appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields | 61 | |
| 9035467190 | Township-and-range system | spaced farms and divided by sections, half sections or quarter sections; dispersed in a grid pattern | 62 | |
| 9035467191 | Primogeniture | German practice that all land passes to the eldest son | 63 | |
| 9035467192 | True or false: In a township-and-range system, north-south lines are principal meridians and east-west lines are base lines | true | 64 | |
| 9035467193 | Each township is divided into ____ sections, each of which is 1 mile x 1 mile | 36 | 65 | |
| 9035467194 | Long-lot survey system | divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, and canals; clustered (French) ex. Hermitage, Louisiana (Mississippi River); Quebec, Canada (St. Lawrence River) | 66 | |
| 9035467195 | Metes and bounds survey | natural features used to demarcate (set boundaries) irregular parcels of land; dispersed (English) ex. Middle Atlantic and Southern colonies | 67 | |
| 9035467196 | True or false: In a dispersed settlement pattern, individual farmhouses lie far apart and land is intensely cultivated by machines | true | 68 | |
| 9035467197 | Describe nucleated settlements | - close proximity (2 types: circular or linear) - centered around a common area - ex. Colonial New England | 69 | |
| 9035467198 | 5 types of villages | 1. linear village - located on dikes and leeves; found in low-lying areas of Western Europe 2. cluster village - began by an intersection of 2 roads, everything built around it 3. round village/rundling - first used in Eastern Europe and then modified by Germans 4. wailed village - used for protection 5. grid village - more modern | 70 | |
| 9035467199 | True or false: The primary functions of farm villages are to build new machines and hire less labor | false (protection of livestock and storage) | 71 | |
| 9035467200 | Monoculture | dependent on a single agricultural commodity; major impact on colonial agriculture | 72 | |
| 9035467201 | Koppen climate classification system | classifying the world's climates based on temperature and precipitation | 73 | |
| 9035467202 | True or false: The "no dry season" (Af) regions are equatorial rainforest regions | true | 74 | |
| 9035467203 | The "short dry season" (Am) climate is known as the _____________ climate | monsoon climate | 75 | |
| 9035467204 | BW is ____________ and BS is _____________ | desert; steppe | 76 | |
| 9035467205 | "Dry summer" (C) climates are known as the ________________ climates | Mediterranean climates | 77 | |
| 9035467206 | Where are polar climates found? | in tundra climates | 78 | |
| 9035467207 | Purpose of plantation agriculture | cash crops | 79 | |
| 9035467208 | Which 3 cash crops does Latin America specialize in? | coffee, sugarcane, bananas | 80 | |
| 9035467209 | Which 2 cash crops does Asia specialize in? | rubber and palm oil | 81 | |
| 9035467210 | What is livestock ranching? | raising of domesticated animals for meat, as well as byproducts such as leather and wool |  | 82 |
| 9035467211 | True or false: Animals produce manure used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops | true | 83 | |
| 9035467212 | In what climates does grain farming occur? | dry or warm mid-latitude climates | 84 | |
| 9035467213 | Products of grain farming | wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley |  | 85 |
| 9035467214 | Top producers of grain farming | China and India | 86 | |
| 9035467215 | Where does commercial gardening occur? | in humid climate, with access to markets | 87 | |
| 9035467216 | True or false: Because of high demand for drugs, farmers find it more profitable to grow poppy, cocoa, or marijuana than food crops | true | 88 | |
| 9035467217 | True or false: Mexicans control 8 out of the 13 largest drug markets in the US | false (11) | 89 | |
| 9035467218 | Informal agriculture | millions of people cultivate small plots of land in their backyards for domestic consumption or to trade with others | 90 | |
| 9035467219 | Benefits of urban agriculture | - don't need a lot of land - fewer fertilizers - could employ more people - little/no transportation costs | 91 | |
| 9035467220 | Disadvantages of urban agriculture | - need new technologies - fewer machines = more labor intensive - limited crops | 92 | |
| 9035467221 | Which regions in the world have been badly overfished? | North Atlantic and East China Sea | 93 | |
| 9035467222 | What is the main cash crop in the US? | cotton | 94 | |
| 9035467223 | Examples of luxury crops | coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, bananas, pineapples, flowers | 95 | |
| 9035467224 | Define agribusiness | businesses that provide vast array of goods and services to support agricultural industry | 96 | |
| 9035467225 | Feedlots | plots of land which livestock fattened for market | 97 | |
| 9035467226 | Ag-Gag Bills | limits/prohibits taking pictures or videos in agribusiness facilities | 98 | |
| 9035467227 | Environmental impacts of commercial agriculture | 1. overfishing, land clearing, deforestation 2. overuse of fertilizers and pesticides that will erode soil over time 3. ecological degradation and desertification 4. increase in organic farming | 99 | |
| 9035467228 | Challenge of feeding everyone | - 1 billion people are malnourished - inadequate distribution systems - widespread poverty - fertile lands converted to housing and retail developments - commercial agriculture converted into regions for 2nd houses - population growth and loss of agricultural land = increase in food prices - food deserts | 100 |
