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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

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5973307271standard languagea system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning0
5973307272dialectforms of a single language that vary1
5973312306isoglossthe boundary lines between areas of different dialects2
5973312307language familyset of languages with the same roots from the same language3
5973314562Indo-Europeana language family that 50% of the world speaks; consists of Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and other language groups4
5973314563extinct languageslanguage that no longer has any native speakers5
5973319340Renfrew hypothesishypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)6
5973319341conquest theoryone major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues7
5973323768dispersal hypothesishypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans8
5973323769Romance languageslanguages derived from Latin; Spanish, French, Italian, Portugeuse, and Romanian9
5973326970Germanic LanguagesEnglish, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, etc.10
5973328663Slavic languagesRussian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian, etc.11
5973328664lingua grancamost common language; currently English12
5973328665pidgina language created by two seperate groups used specifically for trade and business13
5973330465creolea pidgin that had become a native language14
5973333104monolingual statecountries in which only one language is spoken15
5973333105multilingual statecountries in which more than one language is spoken16
5973346909toponyma place name17

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