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| 6119613571 | Ad hominnem | Latin for "to the man, "this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. If you are you that I park in your community should not be renovated because the person supporting it was arrested during a domestic dispute, then you are guilty of this | 0 | |
| 6119613572 | Ad populum ( bandwagon appeal) | This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 1 | |
| 6119613573 | Argument | The process of reasoned inquiry; a perspective discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 2 | |
| 6119613574 | Appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instants, is not a medical expert even though pharmaceutical advertisement often use celebrity endorsements. | 3 | |
| 6119613575 | Assumptions/warrant | In the Toulmin model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience | 4 | |
| 6119613576 | Backing | In the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which assumption Lacks authority | 5 | |
| 6119613577 | Begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "bags" a question whether the support itself is sound. | 6 | |
| 6119613578 | Circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 7 | |
| 6119613579 | Claim | Also called an assertion or a proposition, this states the argument's main idea or position. This differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable. | 8 | |
| 6119613580 | Claim of fact | This is a search that something is true or not true | 9 | |
| 6119613581 | Claim of policy | Proposes a change | 10 | |
| 6119613582 | Classical oration | Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. Includes introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion. | 11 | |
| 6119613583 | Introduction (exordium) | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 12 | |
| 6119613584 | Narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 13 | |
| 6119613585 | Confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually a major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writers case. | 14 | |
| 6119613586 | Refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counter argument. It is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion. | 15 | |
| 6119613587 | Conclusion (peroration) | Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 16 | |
| 6119613588 | Closed thesis | A closed the thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 17 | |
| 6119613589 | Deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). This process is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 18 | |
| 6119613590 | False dilemma (either/or) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents to extreme options as the only possible choices. | 19 | |
| 6119613591 | Logical fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 20 | |
| 6119613592 | Faulty analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. Four instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people, asks the reader to ignore significant and profound differences between animals and people. | 21 | |
| 6119613593 | First-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the rider knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 22 | |
| 6119613594 | Hasty generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 23 | |
| 6119613595 | Induction | From the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 24 | |
| 6119613596 | Open thesis | One that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. | 25 | |
| 6119613597 | Post box ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is because just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 26 | |
| 6119613598 | Qualifier | In the model, the qualifier uses the words like usually, Probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 27 | |
| 6119613599 | Quantitative evidence | Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. Four instance statistics, surveys, polls, and census information. | 28 | |
| 6119613600 | Rebuttal | In the model, this gives a voice to possible objections. | 29 | |
| 6119613601 | Reservation | In the model, this explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier. | 30 | |
| 6119613602 | Rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist, Carl Rogers, These are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 31 | |
| 6119613603 | Second hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. Includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 32 | |
| 6119613604 | Strawman | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea | 33 | |
| 6119613605 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 34 | |
| 6119613606 | Toulmin model | And approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by a British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book. It can be stated as a template: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption) on account of (backing), unless (reservation). | 35 | |
| 6119613607 | Claim of value | Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 36 |
