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AP Language and Composition Semester 1 Terms Flashcards

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8580065622cumulative sentencebegins with an independent clause and builds (accumulates or piles up) on the idea with concrete or subjective details. .0
8580065623independent clauseexpresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.1
8580065624dependent clauseA group of words that contain a subject and a verb but does NOT express a complete thought2
8580065625staccato sentenceOne to two words3
8580065626telegraphic sentenceA sentence shorter than five words in length (more than two words)4
8580065627short sentenceapproximately five to ten words in length5
8580065628medium sentenceapproximately 15 to 20 words in length6
8580065629Long and involved sentenceAbout 30 words or more in length7
8580065630EthosEstablishes Credibility8
8580065631PathosAppeal to emotion9
8580065632LogosAppeal to logic and reason using facts, statistics, etc.10
8580065633Metaphor (trope)comparison of two dissimilar things as if it IS11
8580065634Personification (trope)Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects12
8580065635Hyperbole (trope)A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor13
8580065636Simile (trope)comparison of things using "like" or "as"14
8580065637rhetorical question (scheme)a question that expects no direct answer; used to draw attention to a point15
8580065638synecdoche (trope)A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole.16
8580065639diction (trope)A writer's or speaker's choice of words17
8580065640abstract diction (trope)idea words and feelings NOT tangible and DO NOT appeal to the senses18
8580065641concrete diction (trope)provide more tangible details that appeal to the senses19
8580065642denotation (trope)The dictionary definition of a word20
8580065643connotation (trope)the emotional charge behind a word due to experience or society norms21
8580065644parallelism (scheme)repetition of the same grammatical structure22
8580065645anaphora (scheme)repetition of the same group of words at the beginning of successive clauses23
8580065646tropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.24
8580065647Euphoniouswords that are pleasing in sound25
8580065648Cacophonousharsh sounding words26
8580065649schemeartful sentence structure (syntax)27
8580065650Parallelism of words (scheme)repetition of the same grammatical structures in words in a sentence (Example: All of the running, jumping and screaming made the students overstimulated."28
8580065651Parallelism of phrases (scheme)repetition of the same grammatical structures in phrases (Example: This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.)29
8580065652Epistrophe (scheme)the repetition of a word or group of words at the end of successive clauses or sentences30
8580065653Antithesis (scheme)a type of parallelism used to show contrast.31
8580065654Rhetorical Modemethod of presenting a subject through writing or speech (ex: argumentation, narration, etc.)32
8580065655Contextthe historical, social, educational, environmental, etc. situation that prompts the speaker or writer to address the topic33
8580065656ColloquialCharacteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing34
8580065657JargonSpecial words, details, or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group (specialization); may be difficult for others to understand35
8580065658Shiftchange position or place; or approach of the speaker or writer36
8580065659Levels of Dictionformal / informal / neutral37
8580065660Illustrationuse of detailed examples to make abstract or general ideas or concepts more concrete and specific. specific cases or stories which make an argument more believable.38
8580065661Descriptiona detailed snapshot of an individual or situation (like describing feelings or the beauty of a flower). May evoke emotion39
8580065662Narrationinvolves telling a story with a beginning, middle, and end. usually a main characters(individuals)/location a lesson or moral. establishes credibility and evokes emotion40
8580065663DefinitionProvides the specific meaning of a term or idea. provides the nature or limits41
8580065664Comparison/Contrastidentify similarities/differences.42
8580065665Cause/EffectRefers to a direct relationship between events Answers the question "why did something happen, and/or what results did it have?"43
8580065666Division/ClassificationSort ideas or information into categories make connections between topics that might seem unrelated (often uses definition)44
8580065667Argumentationseries of statements leading to a logical conclusion Offers numerous reasons for or against the topic may outline or begin with a problem and then offer a solution45
8580065668Process Analysisto "break into parts" begins with a complex situation, argument, or text and breaks down the idea into separate parts46
8580065669Individuala single entity (person in writing)47
8580065670Conflictthe problems or issues an individual may face48
8580065671Social Stereotypesgeneralization or conclusion drawn based on bias or personal experience/beliefs49
8580065672ImageryDescriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.50
8580065673Objective Detailsdetails that focus on facts51
8580065674Technical Detailsare connected to a specific subject or group of individuals - details necessary52
8580065675Subjective DetailsDetails that reveal the author's feelings, attitudes, or judgements.53
8580065676Figurative Imagethe use of language in presenting ideas, objects, etc. in a way that appeals to your senses54
8580065677Positionhow close the writer is to the action in time and space55
8580065678ToneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization.56
8580065679Rhetorical Strategy...a device that uses words to convey meaning or to persuade57
8580065680Plotsequence of events in a selection58
8580065681Pacespeed at which the writer recounts events59
8580065682rhetorical trianglethe rhetorical situation60
8580065683audience (rhetorical triangle)is complex and varied61
8580065684Context (rhetorical triangle)the situation that prompts the speaker or writer (Historical, Cultural, Social, Environmental, etc.)62
8580065685Message (rhetorical triangle)depends on context and audience63
8580065686juxtapositionWhen two or more words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast or any other desired effect.64
8580065687metonymya figure of speech in which a topic is replaced with a concept that is closely related to it65
8580065688periodic sentencesentence whose main clause is withheld until the end66
8580065689alliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds67

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