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| 7587034733 | ad hominem | Latin for "the man", fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker | 0 | |
| 7587038583 | ad populum (bandwagon appeal) | This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do" | 1 | |
| 7587038584 | appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as authority | 2 | |
| 7587041694 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion | 3 | |
| 7587044573 | backing | Consists of further assurances or data without which the data lacks authority | 4 | |
| 7587047807 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt | 5 | |
| 7587047808 | circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 6 | |
| 7587050920 | claim | Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the arguments main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable | 7 | |
| 7587274906 | claim of fact | Asserts that something is true or not true | 8 | |
| 7587280901 | claim of policy | Proposes a change | 9 | |
| 7587282735 | claim of value | Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong | 10 | |
| 7587293187 | classical oration | Five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians: Introduction- Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion Narration- Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing Confirmation- Usually the major part of the text, includes the proof needed to make the writer's case Refutation- Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion Conclusion- Brings the essay to a satisfying close | 11 | |
| 7587334236 | closed thesis | A statement of the main idea of an argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 12 | |
| 7587343729 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle pr universal truth and applies it to a specific case | 13 | |
| 7587351858 | false dilemma | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 14 | |
| 7587366328 | faulty analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable | 15 | |
| 7587372495 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it is from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events | 16 | |
| 7587384747 | hasty generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 17 | |
| 7587394356 | induction | From the Latin indecere "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is called generalization | 18 | |
| 7587411962 | logical fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument | 19 | |
| 7587416868 | open thesis | One that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 20 | |
| 7587426189 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect because it happened earlier | 21 | |
| 7587433310 | qualifier | Uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute | 22 | |
| 7587443283 | quantitative evidence | Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers | 23 | |
| 7587449735 | rebuttal | Gives voice to possible objections | 24 | |
| 7587453506 | reservation | Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 25 | |
| 7587461300 | rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating | 26 | |
| 7587481625 | second-hand evidence | evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation | 27 | |
| 7587488157 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea | 28 | |
| 7587501045 | syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 29 | |
| 7587508085 | toulmin model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book "The Uses of Argument" | 30 | |
| 7587522720 | warrant | Expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience | 31 |
