Terms : Hide Images
| 5292362625 | ad hominem | Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. | 0 | |
| 5292362626 | ad populum (bandwagon appeal) | this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 1 | |
| 5292362627 | appeal to false authority | this fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 2 | |
| 5292362628 | argument | a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 3 | |
| 5292362629 | assumption | shared by the speaker and the audience and expressed by the warrant in the Toulmin model | 4 | |
| 5292362630 | backing | in the Toulmin model, it consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority | 5 | |
| 5292362631 | begging the question | a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 6 | |
| 5292362632 | circular reasoning | a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. | 7 | |
| 5292362633 | claim | also called an assertion or proposition, it states the argument's main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable. | 8 | |
| 5292362634 | claim of fact | claim that asserts that something is true or not true. | 9 | |
| 5292362635 | claim of policy | claim that proposes a change. | 10 | |
| 5292362636 | claim of value | claim that argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 11 | |
| 5292362637 | classical oration | five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion. | 12 | |
| 5292362638 | introduction | introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. | 13 | |
| 5292362639 | narration | provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 14 | |
| 5292362640 | confirmation | usually the major part of the text, it includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. | 15 | |
| 5292362641 | refutation | addresses the counterargument and acts as a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 16 | |
| 5292362642 | conclusion | brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 17 | |
| 5292362643 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points a writer intends to make. | 18 | |
| 5292362644 | deduction | a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (minor premise). | 19 | |
| 5292362645 | either/or fallacy (false dilemma) | a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 20 | |
| 5292362646 | faulty analogy | a fallacy occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. | 21 | |
| 5292362647 | first-hand evidence | evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 22 | |
| 5292362648 | hasty generalization | a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence. | 23 | |
| 5292362649 | induction | "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 24 | |
| 5292362650 | logical fallacy | potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 25 | |
| 5292362651 | open thesis | a thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. | 26 | |
| 5292362652 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | "after which therefore because of which," meaning it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. Correlation does not imply causation. | 27 | |
| 5292362653 | qualifier | in the Toumlin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute. | 28 | |
| 5292362654 | quantitative evidence | includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. | 29 | |
| 5292362655 | rebuttal | in the Toumlin model, it gives voice to possible objections. | 30 | |
| 5292362656 | reservation | in the Toumlin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier. | 31 | |
| 5292362657 | Rogerian arguments | developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 32 | |
| 5292362658 | second-hand evidence | evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. | 33 | |
| 5292362659 | straw man | a fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 34 | |
| 5292362660 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 35 | |
| 5292362661 | Toulmin model | an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation). | 36 | |
| 5292362662 | warrant | in the Toulmin model, it expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 37 |
