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| 11056473741 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. Latin for "To the man". | 0 | |
| 11056473742 | ad populum | Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true. Bandwagon appeal. | 1 | |
| 11056473743 | appeal to false authority | This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 2 | |
| 11056473744 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 3 | |
| 11056473745 | assumption | A fact or statement that is taken for granted rather than tested or proved. | 4 | |
| 11056473746 | backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument. | 5 | |
| 11056473747 | begging the question | A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. | 6 | |
| 11056473748 | circular reasoning | A fallacy that occurs when someone tries to prove a point by restating it. | 7 | |
| 11056473749 | claim | A statement essentially arguable but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument. | 8 | |
| 11056473750 | claim of fact | asserts that something is true or not true. | 9 | |
| 11056473751 | claim of policy | proposes a change. | 10 | |
| 11056473752 | claim of value | argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. | 11 | |
| 11056473753 | the classical oration | A five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion. | 12 | |
| 11056473754 | introduction (exordium) | Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. | 13 | |
| 11056473755 | narration (narratio) | Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing. | 14 | |
| 11056473756 | confirmation (confirmatio) | Usually the major part of the text, includes the proof needed to make the writer's case. | 15 | |
| 11056473757 | refutation (refutatio) | Addresses the counterargument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion. | 16 | |
| 11056473758 | conclusion (peroratio) | Brings the essay to a satisfying close. | 17 | |
| 11056473759 | closed thesis | Statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. | 18 | |
| 11056473760 | deduction | A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise) ; usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. | 19 | |
| 11056473761 | either/or (false dilemma) | A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. | 20 | |
| 11056473762 | faulty analogy | A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. | 21 | |
| 11056473763 | first-hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 22 | |
| 11056473764 | hasty generalization | A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence. | 23 | |
| 11056473765 | induction | A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances. | 24 | |
| 11056473766 | logical fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 25 | |
| 11056473767 | open thesis | does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. | 26 | |
| 11056473768 | post hoc ergo propter hoc | This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. | 27 | |
| 11056473769 | qualifier | Words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute. | 28 | |
| 11056473770 | quantitative evidence | Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers--for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, and census information. | 29 | |
| 11056473771 | rebuttal | refutation; opposing response to an argument | 30 | |
| 11056473772 | reservation | An unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly. | 31 | |
| 11056473773 | Rogerian arguments | Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating. | 32 | |
| 11056473774 | second-hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 33 | |
| 11056473775 | straw man | A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. | 34 | |
| 11056473776 | syllogism | A form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them; the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | 35 | |
| 11056473777 | Toulmin model | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosphopher Stephen T in his book the Uses of Argument; "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of its waterproof material, unless, of course, there is a hole in it." | 36 | |
| 11056473778 | warrant | expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. | 37 |
