Terms : Hide Images
| 9595336181 | learning | relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice | 0 | |
| 9595347019 | acquisition | formation of a learned association | 1 | |
| 9595351827 | extinction | process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus by presenting the CS repeatedly without pairing it with the UCS | 2 | |
| 9595364981 | spontaneous recovery | reappearance of the stimulus-response | 3 | |
| 9595372860 | generalization | response to another stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus | 4 | |
| 9595380013 | discrimination | response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned | 5 | |
| 9595383335 | classical conditioning | (Pavlov) a type of learning that links a neutral stimulus to another stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response in a given organism US= unconditioned stimulus, UR= unconditioned response, CS= conditioned stimulus (formerly a neutral stimulus), CR= conditioned response US = UR US + CS = UR CS = CR | 6 | |
| 9595412515 | unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS) | any stimulus that elicits (produces or causes) an autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an organism | 7 | |
| 9595420691 | unconditioned response (UR, UCR) | behavior that is a reflex or autonomic response (e.g., blinking of the eyes, nausea, muscle tension, salivation, blood pressure or heart rate increase, or other physical response) | 8 | |
| 9595433331 | conditioned response (CR) | behavior that is considered a reflex or autonomic response, now paired with a CS; anything that can be considered a UR can become a CR after being paired with a CS | 9 | |
| 9595441527 | conditioned stimulus | neutral stimulus paired with the US that becomes part of a new stimulus-response association (e.g., anything that we can perceive, hear, smell, feel, see, or taste) | 10 | |
| 9595457051 | aversive conditioning | type of conditioning that pairs a noxious/unpleasant/sickness-inducing stimulus (CS) with an undesirable behavior to condition the individual to not continue the undesirable behavior/habit | 11 | |
| 9595471293 | second-order or higher-order conditioning | classical conditioning with an extra stimulus | 12 | |
| 9595472994 | taste aversion | a unique conditioned aversion that is accomplished rapidly by a single pairing of an illness or symptoms such as nausea with eating a specific food, even though the specific food is not the actual cause | 13 | |
| 9595486812 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which voluntary behavior is modified by subsequent consequences | 14 | |
| 9595491841 | law of effect | states that any behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be reduced or stopped | 15 | |
| 9595499796 | instrumental learning | another term for operant conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning | 16 | |
| 9595508645 | reinforcer, reinforcement | a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (examples: food, water, a hug, payment, praise) | 17 | |
| 9595517493 | positive reinforcement | addition of a pleasant stimulus/consequence to increase behavior | 18 | |
| 9595521339 | negative reinforcement | removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior | 19 | |
| 9595525010 | punishment | a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (examples: slap or punch, traffic ticket, exclusion from group, confiscation of phone) | 20 | |
| 9595533173 | positive punishment | addition of an aversive stimulus/consequence to reduce behavior | 21 | |
| 9595537022 | negative punishment | removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior | 22 | |
| 9595544102 | omission training | removing positive reinforcement as a result of unwanted/undesirable behavior | 23 | |
| 9595551505 | shaping | technique using a series of positive reinforcements to create more complex behavior | 24 | |
| 9595557398 | chaining | a process that can be used after specific simple behaviors have been taught to combine learned behaviors | 25 | |
| 9595566668 | primary reinforcers | an innately valued reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (e.g., food, drink, or pleasure) | 26 | |
| 9595573686 | secondary reinforcers | conditioned reinforcement learned through association (example: money and good grades, good baseball game and ice cream) | 27 | |
| 9595582984 | generalized reinforcers | a conditioned reinforcer that is backed up by many other sources of reinforcement (example: money) | 28 | |
| 9595601419 | token economy | tokens are earned for desirable behaviors and exchanged for rewards like using a computer, playing video games, eating desirable food; used in institutional settings such as prisons, psychiatric hospitals, or schools | 29 | |
| 9595621644 | reinforcement schedules | know fixed interval, ratio interval, fixed ratio, variable ration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLx5yl0sxeM&disable_polymer=true |  | 30 |
| 9595673987 | continuous reinforcement | occurs when every instance of a desired behavior that occurs is reinforced | 31 | |
| 9595676936 | partial-reinforcement effect | not reinforcing a response every time (more common type of reinforcement) results in slower acquisition of response but greater resistance to extinction | 32 | |
| 9595687348 | instinctive drift | reversion to natural behavior (despite conditioning, usually referring to the conditioning of animals) | 33 | |
| 9595703230 | observational learning or modeling | people learn behaviors by watching and mimicking others | 34 | |
| 9595717205 | latent learning | learning that is not exhibited when first acquired; one can learn something without showing the behavior right away | 35 | |
| 9595725789 | insight learning | (Wolfgang Kohler) the term for a sudden realization that "just came to you" of how to solve a problem the first time you are exposed to it | 36 | |
| 9595736872 | Premack Principle | a person will perform a less desirable activity in order to perform the more desirable activity as a consequence | 37 | |
| 9595742246 | Ivan Pavlov | 1849-1936 provided environmental support for the views of behaviorists; studied digestion and salivary reflexes in dogs; uncovered classical conditioning and associative learning in his research | 38 | |
| 9595757353 | John Watson | 1878-1958 founded the psychological field of behaviorism "give me a dozen infants..." Little Albert experiment | 39 | |
| 9595762069 | Rosalie Raynor | research psychologist; carried out Little Albert experiment with John B. Watson (and married him) | 40 | |
| 9595779291 | John Garcia | 1917-2012 discovered the principle of taste aversion (also referred to as Garcia effect) | 41 | |
| 9595794103 | Robert Koelling | worked with John Garcia on taste aversion experiments | 42 | |
| 9595799809 | Edward Thorndike | 1874-1949 contributed the law of effect tested laws of learning using a "puzzle box" with cats and pieces of fish | 43 | |
| 9595811097 | B.F. Skinner | 1904-1990 continued on as leader in behaviorism field after Watson considered founder of modern behavioral perspective discovered operant conditioning Skinner box | 44 | |
| 9595820337 | Robert Rescorla | 1840 to present research psychologist who specializes in animal learning and behaviors (behavioral neuroscience, memory and learning) and associative learning processes | 45 | |
| 9595840373 | Albert Bandura | 1925 to present behavioral psychology and social cognitive theory social learning theory Bobo doll experiments | 46 | |
| 9595853676 | Edward Tolman | 1886-1959 research led to concept of latent learning research findings: 1. learning can take place in an organism without the presence of a reinforcer 2. organisms that display latent learning have formed a cognitive map | 47 | |
| 9595863096 | Wolfgang Kohler | 1887-1967 co-founded school of Gestalt psychology demonstrated insight learning | 48 | |
| 9595882837 | learned helplessness | a mental state in which an organism continues to experience a painful, unpleasant, aversive stimulus and do nothing to change because they have learned that they have no ability to change the outcome | 49 |
