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| 284635295 | Mesopotamia | Fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers which was the site of the first urban societies. | |
| 284635296 | Cuneiform | The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. | |
| 284635297 | Shang Dynasty | (1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior. | |
| 284635298 | Zhou Dynasty | displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher) | |
| 284635299 | Prehistory | The period of history before writing was developed. | |
| 284635300 | Hammurabi | The first king of the Babylon Empire. Best known for his law code Lex Talionis | |
| 284635301 | Lex Talionis | The law code created by Hammurabi. Enforced a punishment that was equal or similar to the crime. Took social status into account. | |
| 284635302 | Agricultural Transition | Period of thousands of years when humans slowly began to harvest crops and domesticate animals. | |
| 284635303 | Semetic | A subfamily of Afroasiatic languages which include Arabic, Hebrew, phoenetian, etc.. | |
| 284635304 | Sargon of Akkad | Conquered every city-state in Mesopotamia and seized trade routes; thus making Akkad the wealthiest and most powerful city in the known world. | |
| 284635305 | Social classes of Mesopotamia | -Patriarchal societies -Class structures from Kings to slaves -Men were heads of households and rulers | |
| 284635306 | Early Metallurgy | Hittites found a way to refine iron metallurgy | |
| 284635307 | Hatshepsut | 1480 BC Queen Hatshepsut came to power during the New Kingdom, forst ruling with her husband and then on behalf of her stepson, Thutmose III. Had herself crowned pharaoh. Wore false beard, usually worn by kings. BUilt great fueral temple in Valley of the Kings. | |
| 284635308 | Bantu | People who spoke the Bantu language. From 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE they slowly expanded throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, bringing language and iron with them wherever they went. | |
| 284635309 | Warring States Period | The last few violent centuries of the Zhou Dynasty when the Chinese States were at war with one another | |
| 284635310 | Mandate of Heaven | The heavens give an individual the right to govern as the son of heaven. The ruler served as a link between heaven and earth and made sure there was peace. | |
| 284635311 | Olmecs | Had an authoritarian society and decorated capitals. | |
| 284635312 | Mayan Calender | Had a solar year of 365 days and a ritual year of 260 days. Each day derived characteristics from both calenders which would predict the fortune for that day. | |
| 284635313 | Lapita peoples | The earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Islands. They maintained a large society from 1500 to 500 BCE. | |
| 284635314 | Mayan Inventions | -Mayan Calender -Mayan math -Mayan ball game | |
| 284635315 | Cyrus the Great | Created the Achaemenid Empire and launched the Persian's imperial venture. Treated conquered peoples very well and allowed the practice off all religions. | |
| 284635316 | Satrapies | Persian administrative and taxation districts that were ruled by satraps | |
| 284635317 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy/goverment that focused all of its attention to the state, which it sought to expand and strengthen at all costs. Legalists believed human nature was evil and enforced harsh laws to fix it. | |
| 285468566 | Chandragupta Maurya | An adventure that founded the Mauryan empire in 320s BCE. Ruled all of northern India by the end of the 14th century. | |
| 285468567 | Ashoka | (r 268-232) The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. Brought nearly all of India under his control. | |
| 285468568 | Jainists | Jainists believed that EVERYTHING on earth had a soul. They went to extreme measures to avoid hurting any of the souls. | |
| 285468569 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) Greek Poleis divides themselves into 2 armed camps under the leadership of Athens and Sparta and went to war with each other. Sparta was the ultimate victor. | |
| 285468570 | Solon | An aristocrat that forged a compromise between the social classes of Athens. He allowed aristocrats to keep their land but cancelled all debts, forbade debt slavery, and liberated those already enslaved. | |
| 285468571 | Greek Political structure | All the poleis were independent of one another and had their own form of governing. They were culturally united but didnt have a political unity. | |
| 285468572 | Four noble truths | The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism... -All life involves suffering -Desire is the cause of suffering -Eliminating desire ends suffering -Disciplined life in accordance to the eightfold path ends suffering | |
| 285468573 | Punic Wars | (264-146) Three conflicts between the Romans and Carthage. The Romans finally razed Carthage, salted the surrounding land, and forced the survivors into slavery. | |
| 285468574 | Julius Caesar | Named himself master/dictator of the roman state by 46 BCE. He centralized military and political functions and brought them under his control. He was assassinated in 44 BCE | |
| 285468575 | Augustus Caesar | -Created a monarchy disguised as a republic. -Centralized political and military power -Created a standing army with generals that owed their allegiance to the state -Initiated Pax Romana | |
| 285468576 | Roman Political Structure | -Rome went from a republic to having a centralized imperial government. -had Consuls and Tribunes -All citizens followed basic roman Low (the twelve tables) | |
| 285468577 | Han Wudi | Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty. Broke the power of the Xiongnu and pacified central Asia and implemented silk roads and created civil service exams. | |
| 285468578 | Mani | (216-272) A devout Zorostrian who saw a need for a prophet for all of humanity. He viewed the world as the site of a cosmic struggle between the forces of light and darkness. Founder of Manichaeism. | |
| 285468579 | Silk Roads | Extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and north Africa. Silk was a main product on the network. | |
| 285468580 | Diocletian | (r 284-305) Roman emperor that split Rome into 2 administrative districts. Brought Rome's armies under imperial control. He strengthened imperial currency, forced the goverment to adjust its expedentures to its income, and imposed price caps to dampen inflation. | |
| 285468581 | Odovacer | Germanic general that ended Eastern Roman empire in 476 CE | |
| 285468582 | Justinian | (r 527-565) Byzantine emperor who rebuilt Constantinople, codified Roman law, and attempted to reconquer western Rome. | |
| 285468583 | Theme System | An imperial province was placed under the jurisdiction of a general. Generals were closely monitored by the imperial government. Peasants joined the army in exchange for land. | |
| 285468584 | Caesaropapism | System in which the ruler extends his power into church AND state. | |
| 285468585 | Hajj | The holy pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca. | |
| 285468586 | Quran | The holy of Islam | |
| 285468587 | Sharia | Islamic holy law-Offered guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life | |
| 285468588 | Shia | Muslim party that argued that the caliph should be related to Ali | |
| 285468589 | Sunni | Muslim party that believed any devout Muslim could be a Caliph | |
| 285468590 | Harun-al Rashid | (786-809) Helped the Abbasid Dynasty reach its high point. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, distributed money to the poor, and gave gifts to his favorites. | |
| 285468591 | Shinto | The native religion of Japan | |
| 285468592 | Ibn Rushd | (1126-1198) Followed Aristotle's teaching and tried to seek a rational understanding of the world. His work helped shape Islamic philosophy and influenced the development of scholasticism. | |
| 285468593 | Sufi Missionary | Islamic missionaries that emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine . Encouraged individuals to find Allah in their own way. | |
| 285468594 | Sui Yangdi | (r 604-618) The second emperor of the Sui dynasty. Completed the work on the Grand Canal then was assassinated in 618 | |
| 285468595 | Equal-field system | Land was given to individuals and their families according to the lands fertility and the recipients needs. 1/5 of the land became the hereditary possession of the recipients. | |
| 285468596 | Foot Binding | Commonly done to daughters of wealthy families. It was used to enhance their attractiveness, show off their wealth, and gain control of the girls behavior. | |
| 285468597 | Chan Buddhism | The most popular form of Buddhism in China. Emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of insight in the search for enlightment. | |
| 285468598 | Bushido | The informal code of the samurai that emphasized the virtue of absolute loyalty to ones lord. | |
| 285468599 | Arian Christianity | Form of Christianity in which followers believed that Jesus was merely a mortal man. | |
| 285468600 | Charlemagne | (768-814) The grandson of Charles Martel. Led the Franks to their high point and and temporarily reestablished centralized imperial rule. | |
| 285468601 | The Rule | Regulations made by St. Benedict for monastic communities. The rule required monks to take vows to lead communal, absolute celibate lives under the direction of the Abbot who supervised the monastery. | |
| 285468602 | Harsha | (r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne. | |
| 285468603 | Prince Vladimir | Ruler of Kiev who converts to eastern orthodox christianity rather than roman catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity. | |
| 285468604 | St. Cyril | Went with Methodius and spread the Orthodox religion in Russia and brought the Cyrilic Alphabet to Russia. | |
| 285468605 | Civil Service Exams | Confucian exam to acquire a position in the Chinese bureaucracy | |
| 285468606 | Edict of Milan | A ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire; thus making it the official religion of Rome. | |
| 285468607 | Paul of Tarsus | A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him. | |
| 285468608 | Tang Taizong | Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE); Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne; Strong ruler: Built capital at Chang'an, maintained law and order, kept taxes and prices low; More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies; ruled during high point of art and culture | |
| 285468609 | Battle of Tours | Battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe | |
| 285468610 | Otto 1 | Most successful leader who dealt with the Magyar invasions. HE conquered Magyars and was proclaimed emperor by Pope in 962 in his second venture to Italy. Established essentially a German Kingdom, but was called Empire. Germany's response to 800's invasions led to the organization of effective regional state. Named holy roman emperor. | |
| 285468611 | Wang Mang | Confucian Scholar, overthrew Hans, minted new money, public granaries to feed poor, took land from rich to give to poor who lost it earlier, anger among wealthy, inflation, great flood, granaries fall, people revolt and wealthy join, Wang Mang assassinated | |
| 285468612 | Zoroaster | a Persian prophet, lived around 600 B.C. taught that the earth is a battleground where a great struggle if fought between the spirit of good and the spirit of evil, founder of Zoroasterianism | |
| 285468613 | Dao | The way | |
| 285468614 | Monsoon winds | seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain | |
| 285468615 | Qin Shihuangdi | Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. |
