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| 8634240568 | substitution | small change in DNA basepair where one nucleotide is replaced with another | 0 | |
| 8634240570 | frameshift mutation | when number of nucleotides added/lost is not multiple of 3; this alters reading frame |  | 1 |
| 8634240571 | insertion | addition of >=1 nucleotide pairs in gene | 2 | |
| 8634240572 | deletion | loss of >=1 nucleotide pairs in gene | 3 | |
| 8634240573 | missense mutation | altered codon codes for different amino acid (may have effect on protein fxn) | 4 | |
| 8634240574 | nonsense mutation | changes amino acid codon into stop codon --> truncated protein that is digested by cell; lethal at embryonic stage | 5 | |
| 8634240575 | silent mutation | altered codon codes for same amino acid; no effect on protein fxn | 6 | |
| 8634240589 | Griffith | studied pneumococcus, carried out experiment with bacteria strains (capsules), concluded transformation | 7 | |
| 8634240590 | transformation | change in the DNA by taking in foreign DNA from surrounding | 8 | |
| 8634240592 | Avery (et al.) | continued Griffith's idea, purified DNA from S strain, added to R strain; tube with DNAse didn't grow cells (determined that DNA is hereditary material) | 9 | |
| 8634240593 | Hershey and Chase | S - labelled proteins; P - labelled DNA; P in pellet, so DNA in host cell | 10 | |
| 8634240595 | Chargaff | ratio - A = T and C = G | 11 | |
| 8634240597 | Franklin | developed X-ray diffraction of crystalline DNA fibre | 12 | |
| 8634240599 | Watson and Crick | inspired by proteins' alpha-helical structure; determined rules for base pairing (AT GC judging by width of purine-pyrimidine) | 13 | |
| 8634240600 | rRNA | make up ribosomes | 14 | |
| 8634240601 | mRNA | carries info specifying amino acid sequences from DNA to ribosomes; contains the codon | 15 | |
| 8634240602 | tRNA | carries amino acid to make polypeptide chain; | 16 | |
| 8634240603 | codon | mRNA nucleotide triplets that code for amino acids | 17 | |
| 8634240604 | anticodon | complementary sequence on tRNA | 18 | |
| 8634240614 | release factor | protein that binds to A site when stop codon is reached causing end of translation | 19 | |
| 8634240621 | helicase | unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA to separate the template DNA strands at the replication fork | 20 | |
| 8634240623 | topoisomerase | enzyme that can break bonds in DNA and then reform the bonds further up from replication fork to prevent a know from forming | 21 | |
| 8634240624 | primer | a short segment of RNA needed to initiate DNA replication | 22 | |
| 8634240625 | primase | an RNA polymerase (RNAP) which synthesizes the primer by adding ribonucleotides that are complementary to the DNA template | 23 | |
| 8634240626 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides to the growing strand. | 24 | |
| 8634240632 | leading strand | synthesized continuously towards replication fork | 25 | |
| 8634240633 | lagging strand | synthesized in short, discontinuous segments of (Okazaki fragments) | 26 | |
| 8634240634 | Okazaki fragment | short DNA segments formed on lagging strand | 27 | |
| 8634240635 | DNA ligase | joins broken pieces of DNA by catalyzing phosphodiester bonds | 28 | |
| 8634240646 | spliceosome | removes introns connects exons |  | 29 |
