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| 12053138766 | alterations to mRNA during processing | 5' cap, poly-A tail, RNA splicing, alternative splicing | 0 | |
| 12053138772 | alternative splicing | different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which segments are treated as exons or introns; regulatory proteins control this designation |  | 1 |
| 12053138781 | mutation | any sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule that does not exactly match the original DNA molecule from which it was copied |  | 2 |
| 12053138782 | causes of mutations | replication errors or environmental effects | 3 | |
| 12053138786 | types of point mutations | substitution, deletion, insertion | 4 | |
| 12053138788 | substitution mutation | occurs when the DNA sequence contains an incorrect nucleotide in place of the correct nucleotide |  | 5 |
| 12053138789 | deletion mutation | one nucleotide is omitted from the sequence |  | 6 |
| 12053138790 | insertion mutation | one nucleotide is added to the sequence |  | 7 |
| 12053138791 | frameshift | results from a nucleotide deletion or insertion; causes all subsequent nucleotides to be displaced one or more positions |  | 8 |
| 12053138792 | silent mutation | new codon still codes for the same amino acid |  | 9 |
| 12053138793 | missense mutation | the new codon codes for a new amino acid that is different from the original |  | 10 |
| 12053138794 | nonsense mutation | the new codon codes for a stop codon instead of an amino acid |  | 11 |
| 12053138799 | transposons | "jumping genes" - DNA segments that insert themselves throughout the genome after copying or deleting themselves from another area |  | 12 |
| 12053556323 | DNA methylation | The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression. |  | 13 |
| 12053633232 | Histone acetylation | chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription when acetyl groups attach to certain amino acids of histone proteins |  | 14 |
| 12053695879 | microRNA | small single-stranded RNA molecules that bind to mRNA and can degrade mRNA or block its translation. |  | 15 |
| 12053866668 | Enhancers | A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes. |  | 16 |
| 12053957019 | Proteosomes | giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them |  | 17 |
