Terms : Hide Images
| 269467799 | Freud | Latent (underlying meaning) and manifest (story line) meanings of dreams, memory repression | |
| 269467800 | Ebbinghaus | Forgetting Curve (the decline of memory retention in time) | |
| 269467801 | Watson -Rayner | Classical conditioning of emotions | |
| 269467802 | Thorndike | law of effect | |
| 269467803 | Pavlov | showed that animals, including humans, can be conditioned. Tested classical conditioning with dogs | |
| 269467804 | Skinner | nuture; observable behavior; learning based on rewards | |
| 269467805 | Loftus | misinformation effect; confabulation (honest lying); infantile amnesia | |
| 269467806 | Wundt | first psych lab experiments | |
| 269467807 | Whorf | language determines how we think - linguistic relativity | |
| 269467808 | Chimsky | language aquisition; built in ability to learn grammar rules | |
| 269467809 | Bandura | observational learning | |
| 269467810 | Kolberg | moral development | |
| 269467811 | Erikson | basic trust | |
| 269467812 | Piaget | stages of development in sequence | |
| 269467813 | Piaget's stages of development | 1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) 2. Preoperational (2-6 years) 3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years) 4. Formal Operational (12 years +) | |
| 269467814 | Biological | branch of psychology that includes basic research on brain chemistry | |
| 269467815 | Evolutionary | branch of psychology that studies adaption factors and reporductive successes | |
| 269467816 | Clinical | the branch of psychology that diagnoses and treats mental disorders | |
| 269467817 | Developmental | branch of psychology that focuses on physical, mental and emotional changes in the life cycle | |
| 269467818 | Contemporary psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes | |
| 269467819 | Psychiatrist | MD who studies psychology and can prescribe medication | |
| 269467820 | psychologist | Ph.D who studies psychology, could be a therapist | |
| 269467821 | Dependent | variable that changes as a result of a change in the independent variable | |
| 269467822 | Independent | the variable that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | |
| 269467823 | Control Group | Given a placebo or nothing to study the effect of the independent variable | |
| 269467824 | Experimental Group | subjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered | |
| 269467825 | Correlation Studies | Studies that investigate whether a hypothetical relationship truly exists between two or more variables by statistical means (correlation does not show causation) Closer to 1 means higher rate of correlation | |
| 269467826 | Skewed Scores | lopsided because of extremes or unusual values (outliers) | |
| 269467827 | Illusionary Correlation | The Perception of a relationship where none exists. | |
| 269467828 | Survey | research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions | |
| 269467829 | Case Study | research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants (long term) | |
| 269467830 | Random Sampling | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | |
| 269467831 | Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | |
| 269467832 | Controlled Observation | A form of investigation in which behaviour is observed but under controlled conditions. | |
| 269467833 | Participant Observation | a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed | |
| 269467834 | Mean | Measure of central tendency with greatest consistency | |
| 269467835 | Gestalt | An organized whole | |
| 269467836 | Teratogens | substances that may harm a developing fetus | |
| 269467837 | Secure Attachment | Characterized by partial dependence on a caregiver and by a willingness to explore one's environment; results from responsive parenting. | |
| 269467838 | Insecure Attachment | Characterized complete dependence on a caregiver and extreme reluctance to explore one's environment; the result of unresponsive parenting. | |
| 269467839 | Rooting reflex | When an infant is held close to the body, it will search for a nipple to feed on | |
| 269467840 | Motor Neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. (produce movement) | |
| 269467841 | Testosterone | Male sex hormone, found in both males and females | |
| 269467842 | Temperament | a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (genetic predisposition to certain temperaments) | |
| 269467843 | Conservation and Object Permanence | Tall Skinny glass of liquid and short fat glass hold the same amount of water, car goes behind the block, infant still looks for it (piaget) | |
| 269467844 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. | |
| 269467845 | Imprinting | infant animals attach during critical period, does not occur in humans | |
| 269467846 | Visual Cliff Experiment | Tested depth perception in infants | |
| 269467847 | It happens earlier | How menarche has changed in recent years | |
| 269467848 | Social Clock | The appropriate societal time to get married or retire | |
| 269467849 | Gender Roles | Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex. | |
| 269467850 | Crystallized Intelligence | general knowledge; continues to improve with age | |
| 269467851 | Fluid Intelligence | Reasoning/problem solving skills; declines with age | |
| 269467852 | Infantile Amnesia | the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before age three) | |
| 269467853 | Visual Dominance | the tendency for visual information to dominate information from the other senses during the process of perception | |
| 269467854 | Proximity | group together stimuli that appear to be close together | |
| 269467855 | Weber's Law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) | |
| 269467856 | Muller-Lyre illusion | Illusion only recoginzed correctly by industrialized society, we see corners on a regular basis | |
| 269467857 | Perceptual Set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.(putting self in the circumstances) | |
| 269467858 | Adaption | Adjusting to senses; smells, dark | |
| 269467859 | Accomodation | adjust current schema to fit new information | |
| 269467860 | Assimilation | adjust new information to fit current schema | |
| 269467861 | Schema | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. | |
| 269467862 | Individualistic Society | Society that values personalism and individual accomplishments, which often take precedence over group goals. These societies tend to emphasize ways in which individuals differ from each other. | |
| 269467863 | Collective Society | Values social harmony and the good of society over the accomplishments of individuals | |
| 269467864 | Selective Attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect. | |
| 269467865 | Belief Perserverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | |
| 269467866 | Sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. | |
| 269467867 | Kinesthesis | the sense of movement and body position | |
| 269467868 | Olfactory Receptor Cells | receptor cells at top of nasal cavity (pick up smell) | |
| 269467869 | Absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time | |
| 269467870 | Phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession | |
| 269467871 | Iconic Memory | Memory based on an image | |
| 269467872 | Echoic memory | Memory based on a sound | |
| 269467873 | Semantic memory | Memory based on meaning | |
| 269467874 | Method of Loci | a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations | |
| 269467875 | Self-referencing effect | the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself | |
| 269467876 | working memory | integration of new information with knowledge that is already stored in LTM | |
| 269467877 | Cognitive Maps | mental representations of how a physical space is organized | |
| 269467878 | State Dependent Memory | The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. | |
| 269467879 | Phoneme | the smallest unit of sound in a language | |
| 269467880 | Morpheme | in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning | |
| 269467881 | Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | |
| 269467882 | Stages of Speech Development | 1. Babbling 2. One Word 3. Telegraphic (two word) 4. Speech with Grammar Rules | |
| 269467883 | Insight | The "aha" moment (Sultan the monkey) | |
| 269467884 | Drug Tolerance | the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect | |
| 269467885 | Withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug | |
| 269467886 | Hallucinogens | psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input | |
| 269467887 | Sleeping Pills | medication that actually disrupts the sleep cycle | |
| 269467888 | Unconditioned Response | an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salivation to meat | |
| 269467889 | Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | |
| 269467890 | Conditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | |
| 269467891 | Conditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | |
| 269467892 | Schedules of Reinforcement | the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue; Four types of schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval; interval means over a time and ratio means an act; partial reinforcement is on a variable schedule whereas continuous reinforcement is on a fixed schedule; variable schedules are more effective in learning | |
| 269467893 | Observational Learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. (modeling) | |
| 269467894 | Biological Predisposition to Learning | What we are able to learn from birth (humans -language; birds - flight) | |
| 269467895 | Stress | Can be used as an asset, enhances learning. In large amounts can have a negative effect on health | |
| 269467896 | Overjustification Effect | the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. | |
| 269467897 | Overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | |
| 269467898 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | |
| 269467899 | Generalizations | when a person is conditioned to a certain stimulus all similar stimuli will elicit the same response | |
| 269467900 | Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | |
| 269467901 | Extinction | a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus | |
| 269467902 | Functional Fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | |
| 269467903 | Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | |
| 269467904 | Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test | |
| 269467905 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | |
| 269467906 | Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice | |
| 269467907 | Hierarchy | Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories | |
| 269467908 | Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | |
| 269467909 | Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | |
| 269467910 | Confirmation Bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | |
| 269467911 | Representative Heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information | |
| 269467912 | Availability Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common | |
| 269467913 | Serial Position Effect | Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle | |
| 269467914 | Mnemonic Devices | procedures for associating new information with previously stored memories | |
| 269467915 | Semantic Encoding | remembering something based on its meaning | |
| 269467916 | Visual Encoding | remembering something based on an image that you bring to mind | |
| 269467917 | Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system | |
| 269467918 | Storage | The retention of encoded information over time. | |
| 269467919 | Retrieval | The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory | |
| 269467920 | Retrieval Cues | Aids that help retrieval in memory | |
| 269467921 | Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms | |
| 269467922 | Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics | |
| 269467923 | Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Stored in the hippocampus) | |
| 269467924 | Implicit Memory | retention independent of conscious recollection (stored in the Cerebellum) | |
| 269467925 | Retroactive Interference | when new learning disrupts the recall of previously-learned information | |
| 269467926 | Proactive Interference | When previously learned information prevents recall of new information | |
| 269467927 | Context Effects | The tendency to recover info more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the same info (ex: college classrooms and testing, navy seals and underwater divers; too many clues can lead to deja vu | |
| 269467928 | Norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members | |
| 269467929 | Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 269467930 | Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 329) | |
| 269467931 | Sympathetic Nervous System | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | |
| 269467932 | Somatic Nervous System | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system | |
| 269467933 | Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. | |
| 269467934 | Reticular Formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal | |
| 269467935 | Corpus Collosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | |
| 269467936 | Medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. | |
| 269467937 | Brainstem | The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions | |
| 269467938 | Hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage | |
| 269467939 | Frontal Lobe | The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior. | |
| 269467940 | Occipital Lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision | |
| 269467941 | Parietal Lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch | |
| 269467942 | Temporal Lobe | The portion of the cerebral cortex that is just above the ears and that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory. | |
| 269467943 | Cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance | |
| 269467944 | Thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | |
| 269467945 | Hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion | |
| 269467946 | Endocrine System | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | |
| 269467947 | Pineal Gland | located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin | |
| 269467948 | Pituitary Gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | |
| 269467949 | Adrenal Gland | An endocrine gland located adjacent to the kidney in mammals; composed of two glandular portions: an outer cortex, which responds to endocrine signals in reacting to stress and effecting salt and water balance, and a central medulla, which responds to nervous inputs resulting from stress. | |
| 269467950 | Testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. | |
| 269467951 | Ovaries | located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone | |
| 269467952 | Seretonin | chemical messenger that is enhanced by medications such as prozac. has profound effects on elevating persons mood. | |
| 269467953 | Lesioning | destroying a piece of the brain naturally or experimentally | |
| 269467954 | CT Scan | A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body ( detects the fluid filled regions of the brain) | |
| 269467955 | ribosome | An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins | |
| 269467956 | Cochlea | the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the Organ of Corti | |
| 269467957 | Semi-Circular Canals | tubes in the inner ear whose fluid, when shifted by head movements, stimulates nerve cells that tell the brain about those movements | |
| 269467958 | Delta Sleep | The deep sleep of stage 4, indicated by large but slow delta brain waves. | |
| 269467959 | Alpha Sleep | marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed. | |
| 269467960 | Sleep Spindles | burst of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity during Stage 2 sleep | |
| 269467961 | Stage 2 Sleep | A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" | |
| 269467962 | Stage 3 Sleep | usually about 30 minutes; is transitional and leads to the fourth stage; brains starts to emit delta waves | |
| 269467963 | Circadian Rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle | |
| 269467964 | Narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times | |
| 269467965 | Sleep Apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings | |
| 269467966 | REM Sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. | |
| 269467967 | Lack of Sleep | impairs regulation of attention and emotion, lowers achievement, creates mood problems, and high-risk behavior | |
| 269467968 | ESP | claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition | |
| 269467969 | Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | |
| 269467970 | Extrinsic Behavior | Desire to behave in certain ways to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
