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AP Psych #1 Flashcards

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14881820064Aristotle-knowledge is from experiences/ outer world -mind is in the heart0
14881850210Francis Bacon-founder of modern science -liked minds and their failings -thought humans found order in things -stressed research findings1
14881884214Edward Bradford Titchener- Wundt's student - introduced structuralism - aim to discover the structural elements of the mind - used introspection (looking inward) - focused on inner sensations, images, and feelings2
14881909134Mary Whiton Calkins-first woman to earn PhD in psych but denied by Harvard -first female President of APA3
14881935911Confuciusstressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind4
14881943995Charles Darwin-studied species variations -diversity is from Natural Slection -thought nature chooses the best traits to survive -motivation-insticts5
14881989723Rene Descartes-french -innate ideas and mind is distinct form the body and can survive death -immaterial mind and physical body communicate -"I think, therefore, I am"6
14882068832Margaret Floy Washburn-First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology -2nd female president of APA7
14882091755G. Stanley Hall-First president of the APA -made first U.S psych lab and Johns Hopkins Uni8
14882113191William James-Functionalism -philosopher -psychologist -wrote intro psych textbook, Principles of Psychology (crazy guy)9
14882158563Immanuel Kantknowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences10
14882165183Kurt Koffka/Max WertheimerCo-founder of Gestalt psychology11
14882176413John Locke-british philosopher -at birth the mind is a 'blank slate' -through experiences we learn to perceive the world12
14882213568Plato-mind is separable from the body after death -knowledge is born with us -found the mind is in the spherical head13
14882248059Socrates-mind can be taken from the body -knowledge is innate14
14882263826Wilhelm Wundt-father of psychology -first psych lab ever in germany -measured time lag from people hearing a ball drop and pressing a botton -focused on inner sensations, images, feelings -introspection15
14882311301what perspective is useful when talking about how different people from other countries show angersocial-cultural16
14882690592psycology's biggest debatenature v nurture17
14882713082principal showing how studying 1 hour/day is better than 7hour sessiondistributed practice18
14882754593approch on how we process and remember infocognitive19
14882761437According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what?observation20
14882774933who would most likely conduct psychothearapyclinical21
14882815573what psych field is focused on the link between mental and brain activitycognitive neuroscience22
14882838690What school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs?functionalists23
14882855818applied researchscientific study that aims to solve practical problems24
14882855819basic researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base25
14882866874Introspection about elements of experience best shows what school of psychstructuralists26
14923106922questions about human nature date back to ancient philosopher Aristotletrue27
14923112142psych. developed from biology and philosophytrue28
14923118004evolution is an important principle for psych.true29
14923129601only clinical psychologist work w/ people w/ mental illnessfalse30
14923131539Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error.false31
14923136751most people lack confidence in the accuracy of their belifesfalse32
14927074920people think new psych findings are common knowledgetrue33
14927079177people try to find patterns in everythingtrue34
14927088590it's likely that someone will win the lottery twicetrue35
14927094508people have real paranormal powersfalse36
14927125645Develpmental Psychpsych. studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span37
14927130261educational psychthe study of how students learn, effect of teaching techniques, social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching38
14927152300Experimental Psychologistsdo research to add new knowledge to the field39
14927162190Psychometrics and quantitative psychologistschange and score psych and personality tests. study methods used to gain psych knowledge40
14927202831social psychologistsPsychologists who study how people influence one another's behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups41
14927214898forensic psychologistapplies psychological concepts to legal issues42
14927218927health psychologistsPsychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa43
14927223197I/O Psychologistsstudy the relationship between people and their working environments44
14927227174Neuropsychologistsexplore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior45
14927234954Rehabilitation psychologistresearchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event46
14927245249School Psychologistidentify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning47
14927251390sport psychologistsPsychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and motivation and emotion48
14927259403clinical psychologista psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances49
14927266205community psychologistwork to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all50
14927269402psyciatristMEDICAL degree, provides therapy for people with MENTAL disorders, ONLY type of therapist who can give drugs and other medical treatment51
14927293936counciling psychologisthelps people going through hard times, tharapy52
14927368256after school elections a friend tells you he knew who would win for weeks, what is thathindsight bias53
14927390663you notice your last 4 answers have been C, how likely is the 5th answer to be Cthe same amount of possability as any other answer54
14927411647what is the tendency to exagerate the accuacy of your knowledgeoverconfidence55
14927423523the 3 componets of the scientific attitudecuriosity, skepticism, humility56
14927476840Theroywell supported, testable explanation57
14927480559HypothesisA testable prediction, often implied by a theory58
14927523093operational definitiona carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study59
14938701937case studiesstudies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals( discriptive), but may not be representitive of all people60
14938705360naturalistic observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation(disriptive), could misenturprate the people,61
14938748069surveya technique for getting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a person, random sample of the group( discriptive), cheap, easy to get a lot of info., how you word a ? could change the answer, need a random sample62
14938788813sampling biasa flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample63
14938791084random samplea sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion64
14950649552CorrelationA measure of the relationship between two variables, no manipulation, if one can predict the other65
14950657855correlation coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)66
14950799784Correlation does not equal causationTwo conditions may appear together but not cause each other. -Possible presence of a third underlying variable.67
14950839424illusory correlationseeing a relationship where none exists68
14950960390random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups69
14951011600double-blind procedurean experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.70
14951143099independent variablevariable that is manipulated71
14951143169dependent variableThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.72
14951150750confounding variablea factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment, hidden variable73
14951239047descriptive researchresearch methods that involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically (case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys74
14951250604experimental researchto explore cause and effect (manipulate variables, use random assignment)75
14951310136strengh of descriptive reasearch-case studies only need one person -naturalistic observ. can be used when interfearing can be unethical -survays are cheap76
14951342876weaknes of desctiptive research-single cases may be misleading -cause and effect cant be found out77
14951367784strengh of correlation research-large groups of data -used when experiments aren't ethical78
14951395884weaknes of correlationdosen't specify cause and effect79
14951440295strengh of experimental-find cause and effect -variables are controlled80
14951453741weakness of experimental research-not feasible always -unethical to change all variables81
14951522980negitive correlationOne data set decreases as the other increases, line goes down82
14951526614positive correlationBoth variables move in the same direction, line goes up83
14965492385a big psychologist trait iscritical thinkers84
14965506251critical thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.85
14965782689How to get a random sample of the poputationrandom number generator86
14989945190Why are operational definitions important when reporting findingsallows others to replicate the procedure87
14989981698someone watches a class to see how the students play, what type of research is thatnaturalistic observation88
14990012951what would you use to tell if a group is libral or conservativea survey89
14990032808testable prediction that gives direction to researchhypothesis90
14990075663The most inportant thing when doing a surveyhaving a representitive sample91
14990106094theories are little more than educated guessesfalse92
14990122756there is little value in studying one person for a long timefalse93
14990128274opinions of 1500 randomly chosen people can show an entire nations opinionstrue94
14990175884answers to survey questions can change based on how you ask themtrue95
14990479425can we trust nice, rounded numbers in statsna, son!96
14990508165descriptive statisticsstatistics that summarize the data collected in a study97
14990524502Histograma bar graph depicting a frequency distribution98
14990548654modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution99
14990551365meanaverage by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores100
14990561528Medianthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it101
14990722872skewed distributiona representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value102
14990729829rangethe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution103
14990742783standard deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score104
14990780232normal curvethe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.105
14990822044inferetial statisticsnumerical data that allows one to generalize, the ability that the data is true for a whole population106
149908696523 principles in seeing if you can generalize from a sample-is the sample representative -consistent data from the sample w/ low variability -more cases the better/ averages from a lot of cases are clear107
14990978037statistical significancehow likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance108
14991044686central tendencymean, median, mode109
14991050123measures of variationrange and standard deviation110
14991118601most won't allow statistical significance below what percent5%111
14991189127in normal distribution, what % of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean68%112
14991195557in normal distribution, what % of scores fall within 2 standard deviation of the mean95%113
15042000042psychological science focuses on finding general principles that explains many behaviorstrue114
15042044450psych principles can predict a group, not an individualtrue115
15042203576informed consentan ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate116
15042206028debreifingthe post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any tricks, to its participants117
15042226161Ethical principles of research-informed consent (you can dropout/stop anytime) -protection from harm -confidentiality/ anonymous -debriefing118
15042304798researchers try to make their test enviroments as natural as they canfalse119
15085953370It's important to have a control grouptrue120
15085973347the more expencive the placebo, the better it "works"true121
15085990125in normal distribution mode, mean and median scores could be the sametrue122
15086088132scatterplots are only used in what studiescorrelation123
15086230720what central tendency is most changed my extream high scoresMean124
15104743814collectivist culturescultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes125
15104768947individualistic cultureA culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.126
15104820301why do we use animals in psychthey are like us but less complex127
15108014998men and woman often have the same answers in surveysfalse128
15108040430What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?allow people to pick if they want to do it129
15108092485which descriptive stat. would be used in finding how close a students SAT is to the schools average scoremean130
15108119482what method would you use to see if rewards make kids act betterexperiment131
15108135756When a distribution of scores is skewed, the best representation of central tendency is themedian132
15108155590gender studies has found thatthey're more similarities that diferences133
15143929155--------------------------------------134
15143838124biological psychologya branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior135
15143863816Phrenology (Franz Gall)study of the shape/size of the skull as a indication of character and mental abilities.136
15143946716Neurons (nerve cells)a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system137
15143961041Dendritesa neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body (they listen)138
15143971912Axonthe neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands (they speak)139
15200693606axon terminalThe endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored140
15144013836myelin sheatha fatty tissue layer encasing the axons of some neurons; enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next141
15144058933action potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon142
15144122510refactory perioda period of inactivity after a neuron has fired (reuptake, ions back normal in the axon)143
15144185005thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse144
15144198585all-or-none responsea neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.145
15144244775Synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron146
15144312164Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons147
15200950520Vesicalssacks that contain neurotransmitters and release them into the gap and the next dendrite148
15144319025Reuptakea unused neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron149
15144435664Endorphins"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.150
15201189318excitatory signalspushing a neuron's accelerator (ex. pain from stub toe)151
15201201387inhibitory signalslike pushing a neuron's brake (ex. endorphins help stop pain message)152
15144439342Agonista molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response153
15144453114Antagonistsblock neurotransmitters154
15144643683Acetylcholine (ACh)Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. With Alzheimer's disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate.155
15144655938Dopamineinfluences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (too much has schizophrenia, too little has parkinson's)156
15144687892SerotoninAffects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression.157
15144699932Norepinephrinehelps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood158
15144707716GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.159
15144712032GlutamateA major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, too mush can cause migraines or seizures160
15205010336nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems161
15205019928Central Nervous System (CNS)brain and spinal cord162
15205029280Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.163
15205044784Nervesbundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs164
15205065151sensory neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord165
15205076785motor neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands166
15205084600Interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs167
15205109400somatic nervous systemthe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles168
15205126853autonomic nervous systemthe part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). usually automatic169
15205166689sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations170
15205180927parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy171
15205317652reflexFa simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus (knee-jerk response) uses the spinal cord172
15205401736endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream,173
15205408593Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues174
15205452763adrenal glandsa pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. "fight or flight"175
15205465653pituitary glandThe endocrine system's most influential gland "Master gland". Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates hight and controls other endocrine glands.176
15205716822where are all sensory neurons located in the spinal cordin the back177
15227736455lesiontissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue178
15227787003Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the -waves of electrical activity- that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.179
15227830345CT (computed tomography) scanis a series of -X-ray photographs- combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the brain structure. also called a CAT scan180
15227865271PET (positron emission tomography) scana visual display of brain activity that detects where a -radioactive form of glucose- goes while the brain performs a given task181
15227888066MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a technique that uses -magnetic fields and radio waves- to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.182
15227934254fMRI (functional MRI)A technique for revealing -bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity- by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function aswell as structure.183
15228028939Brainstemthe oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions184
15228048699Medullathe base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing185
15228085060Thalamusthe brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas (not smell) in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla186
15228150335reticular formationa nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (old brain)187
15228241107Cerebellumthe "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include -processing sensory input- and -coordinating movement output and balance- accuricy- non verbal- remember experiences188
15228269205Ponscoordinates movement with cerebellum189
15228308983limbic systemneural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with -emotions and drives.-190
15228344513Hippocampusa neural center located in the limbic system; helps process conscious memories for storage191
15228366924Amygdalatwo lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. fear192
15228432321HypothalamusA neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (hunger, thirst, body temperature, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,) and is linked to -emotion and reward-. not a gland!!193
15228716291multiple sclerosis is the result of weakendmyelin sheath194
15228760722feel tired, no appetite, wants to stay in bed- what is in short supplyserotonin195
15228787938inhibits CNS and calms in stressful timesGABA196
15228805545what had its roots in phrenologybrain function localization197
15228843782-charge in axon and +charge outside axon, the neuron isin resting potential198
15228882745morphine lifts mood and kills pain, what also does thisendorphins199
15228904079when someone is depressed what is in under supplyserotonin and norepinephrine200
15243053236All motor neurons are wherein the front of the spinal cord201
15277404842cerebral cortexThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. the 4 lobes202
15277410619glial cells (glia)cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, learning and thinking203
15277424198frontal lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in -making plans and judgements-204
15277428782parietal lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position205
15277431572occipital lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields206
15277438181temporal lobeportion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear207
15277441782motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements208
15277446963somatosensory cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations209
15277451307association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking- shows smartness-210
15277458495Plasticitythe brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience211
15277465704neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons212
15319256401parathyroid glandssmall pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues213
15319261056thyroid glandproduces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth214
15319340522PancreasRegulates the level of sugar in the blood, uses insulin215
15319363585reproductive glandsovaries and testes, reproduction, hormones sex chararistics216
15321817965bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and character traitsfalse217
15321823847a small about of human brain tissue cannot be distinguished from a monkeytrue218
15321862452neuron go through a rest time between firestrue219
15321885471the brain produces its own opiates to elevate mood and ease paintrue220
15321932140the wiring of the nervous system is more complex than a computertrue221
15321963210what carries the information necessary to activate your hand to move from a hot objectmotor neurons222
15321987808what division of the nervous system makes the startle responsesympathetic223
15322020783what talks to the pituitary and controls the whole endocrine systemhypothalamus224
15340399278cerebral cortex has how many nerve cells and synaptic connections20-23 billion cells 300 trillion connections225
15346172002corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them226
15346176467split braina condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them227
15346189264consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment228
15346196608cognitive neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)229
15346218641dual processingthe principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks230
15346680614right hemisphere functionsmakes inferences modulate our speech sense of self231
15347098412what part of the brain gives off adrenaline to boost heartrate when your afraidhypothalamus232
15361555971Broca's areanext motor cortex in frontal lobe, disturpes speaking if you have damage233
15361580002Wernicke area functiontemporal lobe, disrupts understanding of language if harmed234
15361991819Finius Gagerailroad spike to the frontal lobe, personality change.235
15362579525left hemisphereanilitical, thinking, speaking236
15362586573right hemespherecreative, spatial abilitiy, emotions237

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