Terms : Hide Images
| 106992793 | cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | |
| 106992794 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | |
| 106992795 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category | |
| 106992796 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but more error-prone, heuristics | |
| 106992797 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms | |
| 106992798 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions | |
| 106992799 | inductive reasoning | informal reasoning; trying to asses the believability of a conclusion based on the evidence to support it--use a heuristic | |
| 106992800 | deductive reasoning | formal reasoning; process of following a set of rigorous procedures to reach correct conclusions--use an algorithm | |
| 106992802 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | |
| 106992803 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving | |
| 106992804 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | |
| 106992805 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving | |
| 106992806 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | |
| 106992807 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness_) we presume such events are common | |
| 106992808 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | |
| 106992809 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | |
| 106992810 | belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | |
| 106992811 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | |
| 106992812 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | |
| 106992813 | Noam Chomsky | linguist; believed that children learn the language of their environment, but believed that they acquire untaught words and grammar too quickly to be related to learning principles; universal grammar, language acquisition device | |
| 106992814 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | |
| 106992815 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | |
| 106992816 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others | |
| 106992817 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | |
| 106992818 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | |
| 106992819 | surface structure of language | phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences and the rules by which we combine them | |
| 106992820 | deep structure of language | the meaning conveyed by language | |
| 106992821 | receptive language | the understanding of language | |
| 106992822 | productive language | the ability to produce words (use language) | |
| 106992823 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | |
| 106992824 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | |
| 106992825 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | |
| 106992826 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words | |
| 106992827 | B.F. Skinner | behaviorist; believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement | |
| 106992828 | language acquisition device | Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally | |
| 106992829 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | |
| 106992830 | bilingual advantage | bilingual children who learn to inhibit one language while using the other are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information | |
| 106992831 | Benjamin Whorf | language theorist, linguistic determinism (language affects thinking) | |
| 106992832 | Wolfgang Kohler | a founder of Gestalt Theory, his studies with apes led him to a view of problem solving as an active process of insight |
