Terms : Hide Images
| 205705341 | hindsight bias | tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | |
| 205705342 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions | |
| 205705343 | theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events | |
| 205705344 | hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | |
| 205705345 | operational definition | a statement of the procedures (operations used to define research variables) | |
| 205705346 | replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situation, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | |
| 205705347 | case study | an observation technique in which 1 person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | |
| 205705348 | clinical research | research in the form of case studies | |
| 205705349 | survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | |
| 205705350 | false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | |
| 205705351 | social desirability bias | a bias that prompts individuals to present themselves in ways that are likely to be seen as positive by the majority of other people | |
| 205705352 | population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study (national studies do NOT refer to whole populations) | |
| 205705353 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | |
| 205705354 | stratified sample | subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample | |
| 205705355 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | |
| 205705356 | correlation | a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and this of how well either factor predicts the other | |
| 205705357 | scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. | |
| 205705358 | correlation coefficient | math expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 | |
| 205705359 | r value | correlation coefficient; it is a quantitative measure of correlation between 2 variables (values range from -1.0 to +1.0) | |
| 205705360 | line of best fit/regression line | The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter = high correlation) | |
| 205705361 | illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists | |
| 205705362 | experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior/mental process (dependent variable) (aims to control other relevant factors) | |
| 205705363 | double-blind procedure | an experiment procedure in which both research participant and research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment of a placebo | |
| 205705364 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior cause by the administration of an inert substance of condition, which is assumed to be an active agent | |
| 205705365 | Hawthorne effect | the effect on the behavior of individuals knowing that they are being observed or are taking part in research (we perform better) | |
| 205705366 | experimental condition | the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to 1 version of the independent variable | |
| 205705367 | control condition | the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experiment condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | |
| 205705368 | random assignment | assigning participants to experiment and control condition by chance, and minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | |
| 205705369 | independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | |
| 205705370 | dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may in response to manipulations of the independent variable | |
| 205705371 | confounding variable | outside variables that could affect the results | |
| 205705372 | measures of central tendency | a single score that represents a whole set of scores | |
| 205705373 | mode | the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution | |
| 205705374 | mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then divide by the number of scores | |
| 205705375 | median | the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | |
| 205705376 | measures of variation | amount of variation in the data (how similar or diverse the scores are) | |
| 205705377 | range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | |
| 205705378 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | |
| 205705379 | z score | the number of standard deviations a score is above (or below if negative) the mean of its distribution | |
| 205705380 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change | |
| 205705381 | t-test | A group of statistics used to determine if a significant difference exists between the means of two sets of data. | |
| 205705382 | p value | probability; p is a number between .0 and 1 | |
| 205705383 | type 1 error | (False Positive or Alpha Error) this happens when the Null Hypothesis is rejected, even if it's true | |
| 205705384 | type 2 error | (False Negative or Beta Error) this happens when the Null Hypothesis is accepted when it should be rejected | |
| 205705385 | frequency histogram | a graphic that displays how many measures fall into different categories; place items in a range; divide into class intervals; have no fewer than 5 and no more than 20 | |
| 205705386 | Mamie Phipps Clark | studied the effects of segregation and racism on the self-esteem of black children. Her work with her husband was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education | |
| 205705387 | Kenneth B. Clark | psychologists who studied segregation, his work with his wife was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education | |
| 205705388 | informed consent | participants must know they are involved in research and give their consent | |
| 205705389 | descriptive statistics | organize data so that we can communicate about the data | |
| 205705390 | inferential statistics | used to interpret data and draw conclusions; tell psychologists whether or not they can generalize from a chosen sample to the whole population; if the sample actually represents the population | |
| 205705392 | Coercion | the process of attempting to influence another person | |
| 205705394 | debriefing | the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants | |
| 205705395 | generalizability | refers to what degree the results of a study can be applied to different types of populations | |
| 205705396 | null hypothesis | a statement that is the opposite of your hypothesis |
