Terms : Hide Images
| 127629461 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment | |
| 127629462 | biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations | |
| 127629463 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle | |
| 127629464 | suprachiasmatic nucleus | a pair of pinhead-sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock | |
| 127629465 | melatonin | secreted by the pineal gland; sleep-inducing hormone | |
| 127629466 | REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active | |
| 127629467 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state | |
| 127629468 | sleep spindles | bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity during stage 2 sleep | |
| 127629469 | EEG | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measure by electrodes placed on the scalp | |
| 127629470 | sleep | periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation | |
| 127629471 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus | |
| 127629472 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep | |
| 127629473 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep | |
| 127629474 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times | |
| 127629475 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | |
| 127629476 | somnambulism | sleepwalking | |
| 127629477 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered | |
| 127629478 | dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it | |
| 127629479 | manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) | |
| 127629480 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); Freud believed that this functioned as a safety valve | |
| 127629481 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) | |
| 127629482 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur | |
| 127629483 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, the be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors | |
| 127629484 | dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others | |
| 127629485 | Ernest Hilgard | psychologist; studied hypnosis, hidden observer effect | |
| 127629486 | psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood | |
| 127629487 | tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect | |
| 127629488 | withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug | |
| 127629489 | physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued | |
| 127629490 | psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions | |
| 127629491 | addiction | compulsive drug craving and use | |
| 127629492 | depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions | |
| 127629493 | barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment | |
| 127629494 | opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety | |
| 127629495 | stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions | |
| 127629496 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes | |
| 127629497 | methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels | |
| 127629498 | ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition | |
| 127629499 | hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input | |
| 127629500 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug, also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) | |
| 127629501 | THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations | |
| 127629502 | near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations | |
| 127629503 | dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact | |
| 127629504 | monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing | |
| 127629505 | nonconscious | the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely unavailable to conscious awareness | |
| 127629506 | preconscious | the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness | |
| 127629507 | subconscious | the level of consciousness just below our present awareness | |
| 127629508 | unconscious | the level of consciousness that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior | |
| 127629509 | pineal gland | gland located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin | |
| 127629510 | hypnic jerks | brief muscular contractions that occur as people fall aseep |
