Terms : Hide Images
| 118912434 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 118912435 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 1 | |
| 118912436 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; NS that signals a UCS begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the UCS; also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning | 2 | |
| 118912437 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs | 3 | |
| 118912438 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) | 4 | |
| 118912439 | unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS, such as salivation when food is in the mouth | 5 | |
| 118912440 | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response | 6 | |
| 118912441 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus | 7 | |
| 118912442 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCR, comes to trigger a CR | 8 | |
| 118912443 | neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus that is paired with the UCS and is then associated with the UCR to eventually trigger a CR | 9 | |
| 118912444 | acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | 10 | |
| 118912445 | delay conditioning | CS is present until US begins | 11 | |
| 118912446 | trace conditioning | CS is presented, then removed; then US is presented | 12 | |
| 118912447 | simultaneous conditioning | CS and US are presented at the same time | 13 | |
| 118912448 | backward conditioning | US is presented before CS (ineffective) | 14 | |
| 118912449 | John Watson | Psychologist; believed that human emotions and behavior, though biologically influenced are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses | 15 | |
| 118912450 | Rosalie Rayner | Psychologist; assistant (and mistress) of John Watson | 16 | |
| 118912451 | Baby Albert | feared loud noises, but not white rats; was conditioned to fear rats, generalized to all fluffy things | 17 | |
| 118912452 | second-order (higher-order) conditioning | conditioning on top of conditioning (ex. food=saliva, food+bell=saliva, bell=saliva, bell+light=saliva, light=saliva) | 18 | |
| 118912453 | Mary Cover-Jones | CC--first person to introduce counterconditioning (to treat fears) | 19 | |
| 118912454 | counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior | 20 | |
| 118912455 | systematic desensitization | associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli | 21 | |
| 118912456 | John Garcia | Psychologist; species are biologically predisposed to learning things that help them survive | 22 | |
| 118912457 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a UCS does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced | 23 | |
| 118912458 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR | 24 | |
| 118912459 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimului similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 25 | |
| 118912460 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a UCS | 26 | |
| 118912461 | Robert Rescorla | Psychologist; when two significant events happen together, the animal learns the predictability. | 27 | |
| 118912462 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 28 | |
| 118912463 | B.F. Skinner | Psychologist; behaviorist, did lots of work with operant conditioning | 29 | |
| 118912464 | Edward Thorndike | Psychologist; created the law of effect, inspired Skinner | 30 | |
| 118912465 | puzzle box | cage with a latch, developed by Thorndike, to test how long it took the animal to figure out how to escape | 31 | |
| 118912466 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning | 32 | |
| 118912467 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 33 | |
| 118912468 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 34 | |
| 118912469 | operant chamber/Skinner box | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning | 35 | |
| 118912470 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 36 | |
| 118912471 | chaining | use operant conditioning to teach something long that has many parts | 37 | |
| 118912472 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 38 | |
| 118912473 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | 39 | |
| 118912474 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (not a punishment) | 40 | |
| 118912475 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 41 | |
| 118912476 | conditioned/secondary reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer | 42 | |
| 118912477 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 43 | |
| 118912478 | partial/intermittent reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition or a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 44 | |
| 118912479 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses; predictable/repetition increases reinforcement | 45 | |
| 118912480 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses; unpredictable/repetition increases reinforcement | 46 | |
| 118912481 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedules that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed; predictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement | 47 | |
| 118912482 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals; unpredictable/repetition does not increase reinforcement | 48 | |
| 118912483 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 49 | |
| 118912484 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a map of it | 50 | |
| 118912485 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 51 | |
| 118912486 | Edward Tolman | Psychologist associated with latent learning | 52 | |
| 118912487 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | 53 | |
| 118912488 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | 54 | |
| 118912489 | overjustification effect | if you start off doing something for intrinsic reasons, then an extrinsic reward is offered, it is likely you will lose some or all intrinsic motivation | 55 | |
| 118912490 | Albert Bandura | Psychologist associated with observational learning and the Bobo doll experiment | 56 | |
| 118912491 | observational learning | learning by observing others | 57 | |
| 118912492 | modeling | the process of observing and imitation a specific behavior | 58 | |
| 118912493 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy | 59 | |
| 118912494 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior | 60 | |
| 118912495 | Premack principle | a reinforcer's properties depend on the individual and the situation | 61 | |
| 118912496 | learning curve | a graphic representation of how much learning takes place over time | 62 | |
| 118912497 | behavior modification | the use of operant conditioning in any kind of training | 63 | |
| 118912498 | token economy | a type of behavior modification; every time you do something right, you get tokens which can be redeemed for prizes. popular in stores, restaurants, and elementary schools | 64 |
