Terms : Hide Images
| 250948070 | Learning | the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior | |
| 250948071 | Conditioning | the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli | |
| 250948072 | Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning | type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, neutral stimulus | |
| 250948073 | Operant or Instrumental Conditioning | type of learning in which behaviors are emitted ( in the presence of specific stimuli ) to earn rewards to avoid punishments | |
| 250948074 | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way | |
| 250948075 | Unconditioned Response ( UR) | response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs | |
| 250948076 | Conditioned Stimulus | originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone | |
| 250948077 | Conditioned Response | after conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented | |
| 250948078 | Desensitization Theory | conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation | |
| 250948079 | Taste Aversion | conditioned avoidance of poisonous food | |
| 250951875 | Operant Behavior | behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant | |
| 250951876 | Reinforcer | a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases that likelihood that the behavior will be repeated | |
| 250951877 | Punisher | a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated | |
| 250951878 | Law of Effect | thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior | |
| 250951879 | Positive Reinforcer | any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur | |
| 250956848 | Negative Reinforcer | any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur | |
| 250956849 | Punishment | any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur | |
| 250956850 | Avoidance Training | learning a desirable behavior to prevent an unpleasant condition such as punishment from occurring | |
| 250956851 | Learned Helplessness | failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli | |
| 250956852 | Response Acquisition | "building phase" of the conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases | |
| 250961037 | Intermittent Pairing | pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in only a portion of the learning trials | |
| 250961038 | Skinner Box | box that is often used in operant conditioning of animals. It limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur | |
| 250961039 | Shaping | reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior | |
| 250961040 | Extinction | decrease in the strength of a learned response due to failure to continue pairing the US and CS ( classical) or the withholding of reinforcement ( operant conditiong) | |
| 250961041 | Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished response aftrer the passage of time | |
| 250964902 | Stimulus Generalization | transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli | |
| 250964903 | Stimulus Discrimination | learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli | |
| 250964904 | Response Generalization | giving a response that is somewhat different from the response orginally learned to that stimulus | |
| 250964905 | Higher-order Conditiong | conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training | |
| 250964906 | Primary Reinforcer | reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex | |
| 250970223 | Secondary Reinforcer | reinforcer whose value is learned through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers | |
| 250970224 | Contingency | a reliable "if-then" relationship between two events such as a CS and US | |
| 250970225 | Blocking | prior conditiong prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously | |
| 250970226 | Schedule of Reinforcement | in partial reinforcement, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered | |
| 250970227 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | reinforcement schedule that calls for a reinforcement of a correct response after a fixed length of time | |
| 250974728 | Variable-Interval Schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time after the last reinforcement | |
| 250974729 | Fixed-ratio Schedule | reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of a correct responses | |
| 250974730 | Variable-ratio Schedule | reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented | |
| 250974731 | Biofeedback | a technique that uses monitoring devices to give info. about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people voluntary control | |
| 250974732 | Cognitive Learning | learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable | |
| 250981276 | Latent Learning | learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change | |
| 250981277 | Cognitive Map | a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change | |
| 250981278 | Insight | learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem | |
| 250981279 | Learning Set | ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved | |
| 250981280 | Social Learning Theory | view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner | |
| 250981281 | Observational Learning | learning by observing other people's behavior | |
| 250981282 | Vicarious reinforcement/ punishment | performance of behaviors learned through observation that is modified by watching others who are reinforced or punished for their behavior |
